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Berklee
College
of
Music
–
Valencia
Campus
Master
of
Arts
in
Global
Entertainment
&
Music
Business
Class
of
2014
21
and
Unsigned:
A
Study
on
How
to
Launch
the
Career
of
a
Recording
Artist
Samuel
J.
PISANO
JURY
Research
Advisor
Members
Benjamin
COSTANTINI
Program
Faculty
Conference
Manager,
Reed
Midem
Gwendolyn
ALSTON
Program
Faculty
Co-‐founder/President,
Moca
Media
SL
Emilien
MOYON
Program
Director
Curator,
TedxBerkleeValencia
Table
of
Contents
Introduction
..........................................................................................................................................
3
Part
1:
The
Guide
to
Modern
A&R
..................................................................................................
6
Chapter
1:
What
is
Modern
A&R?
.......................................................................................................
6
Chapter
2:
Interviews
with
Industry
Executives
.............................................................................
7
Part
2:
Case
Study:
The
Wallace
Project
....................................................................................
13
Chapter
3:
Getting
Started
.................................................................................................................
14
Chapter
4:
Building
and
Online
&
Social
Media
Presence
...........................................................
16
Chapter
5:
Creating
Content
.............................................................................................................
19
Part
3:
Results
....................................................................................................................................
21
Chapter
6:
Content
Feedback
............................................................................................................
22
Chapter
7:
Online
&
Social
Media
Data
...........................................................................................
24
Conclusion
...........................................................................................................................................
30
2
Introduction
A&R,
or
Artists
and
Repertoire,
is
widely
considered
one
of
the
most
attractive
departments
at
a
music
company.
Historically,
these
were
the
gatekeepers:
the
individuals
responsible
for
signing
and
developing
new
talent
for
a
label.
These
roles
were
very
scarce.
John
Hammond
is
considered
to
be
one
of
the
most
important
A&R
executives
in
20th
century
popular
music.
After
spending
the
early
part
of
his
career
as
a
record
producer,
Hammond
expanded
his
efforts
from
a
more
traditional
role
inside
the
studio
to
perform
the
duties
now
associated
with
talent
scouts.
By
selecting
the
right
songs
and
He
was
influential
the
careers
of
many
notable
artists
such
as
Count
Basie,
Bob
Dylan,
Billie
Holiday,
Robert
Johnson
and
Bruce
Springsteen.
In
addition
to
signing
these
acts
to
the
label,
Hammond
played
a
role
in
finding
the
right
material
for
these
individuals
to
record.1
Hammond
also
accomplished
things
in
music
from
a
cultural
standpoint.
Inspired
by
the
music
of
African
Americans,
he
had
committed
much
of
his
time
and
efforts
to
working
in
the
jazz,
blues
and
spiritual
genres.2
A
man
born
from
privilege,
the
heir
to
a
New
York
family
fortune,
Hammond
was
determined
to
help
mend
race
relations
in
the
United
States
at
the
time.
He
helped
create
opportunities
for
artists,
such
as
Aretha
Franklin,
to
have
very
successful
pop
careers.
Although
Hammond
cannot
be
fully
crediting
for
“discovering”
this
roster
of
talented
musicians,
he
was
John
Hammond
Pictured
with
Aretha
Franklin
in
1959
influential
in
integrating
black
singers
and
instrumentalists
into
society
by
being
very
hands
on
in
regards
to
their
artist
development.3
1
From
George
Howard,
“Getting
Signed!:
An
Insider’s
Guide
to
the
Record
Industry”
2
From
Dunstan
Prial,
“The
Producer:
John
Hammond
&
the
Soul
of
American
Music
3
From
Lee
Mergner,
“The
Producer:
John
Hammond
&
the
Soul
of
American
Music
3
Since
Hammond
left
his
mark
in
the
profession,
the
role
of
A&R
has
evolved
over
the
latter
half
of
the
twentieth
century.
In
this
time
period,
many
great
music
executives
have
made
contributions
that
have
helped
change
the
music
industry
forever:
Berry
Gordy
Jr.
Much
like
John
Hammond,
Berry
Gordy
Jr.
was
at
the
forefront
of
the
movement
to
integrate
the
popular
music
scene
in
the
United
States.
He
was
known
as
a
prominent
black
citizen
in
Detroit
as
his
father
had
created
many
opportunities
for
black
people
through
the
automobile
industry
there.
Gordy
Jr.
reinvested
some
profits
and
founded
Motown
Records.
He
is
considered
one
of
the
“original
A&R
record
executives”
for
his
contributions,
with
a
career
spanning
more
than
six
decades.
His
successful
acts
include
Marvin
Gaye,
The
Temptations,
The
Jackson
Five
and
many
more
huge
acts
of
the
era.4
Clive
Davis
Clive
Davis
was
the
president
of
five
different
major
record
labels:
Columbia
Records,
Arista
Records,
RCA
Records,
J
Records,
and
Sony
Music
after
the
merger
with
BMG.
He
has
signed
superstar
talents
like
Kelly
Clarkson,
Whitney
Houston,
Alicia
Keys,
and
Barry
Manilow.
Clive
Davis
is
also
a
member
of
the
Rock
and
Roll
Hall
of
Fame
and
has
won
five
Grammy
Awards.5
4
From
Steve
Kurutz,
“Berry
Gordy
Jr.
Artist
Biography”
5
From
Steve
Kurutz,
“Clive
Davis
Artist
Biography”
4
Barry
Weis
Barry
Weiss,
founder
and
former
CEO
of
Jive
Records,
built
the
most
powerful,
influential
and
long
lasting
record
label
in
history
signing
dozens
of
notable
acts
in
the
hip
hop,
R&B,
and
pop
music
scenes,
including
A
Tribe
Called
Quest,
KRS-‐
One,
Too
Short,
R.
Kelly,
Aaliyah,
Brittany
Spears,
N’Sync
and
the
Backstreet
Boys.
6
Antonio
“LA”
Reid
LA
Reid
is
one
of
the
most
successful
A&R
executives
in
the
modern
era
of
the
music
industry.
He
has
spent
a
long
career
in
large
roles
as
the
CEO
of
Island
Def
Jam
Music
Group
and
Epic
Records.
He
has
signed
some
of
today’s
biggest
stars
like
Usher,
Kanye
West,
Rihanna,
and
many
others.
7
While
traditionally,
the
most
prominent
A&R
executives
were
musicians,
usually
composers,
arrangers,
producers,
and
songwriters,
top
A&R’s
today
are
rarely
known
for
their
musical
talents
and
abilities.
American
composer
Richard
Niles
had
the
following
quote
about
the
state
of
the
profession:
When
the
multinational
conglomerates
took
over
and
brought
all
the
independent
record
labels,
the
record
labels
were
no
longer
owned
by
music
loving
entrepreneurs.
You
don’t
have
guys
like
[American
music
producer]
Jerry
Wexler
running
record
companies
now.
What
you’ve
got
now
is
huge
multinational
companies
where
most
of
their
A&R
staff
are
businessmen.
They’re
people
who
look
at
music
from
the
standpoint
of
marketing,
not
from
the
standpoint
of
music
and
talent.
They
will
say,
”Go
out
and
get
me
anything
that’s
popular
now.
8
6
From
Dan
Charnas,
“The
25
Best
A&R’s
in
Hip-‐Hop
History”
7
From
Bill
Lamb,
“LA
Reid
Artist
Biography”
8
From
Kimbal
Bouwman
Interview
with
Richard
Niles
5
Part
One:
The
Guide
to
Modern
A&R
Chapter
One
-‐
What
is
Modern
A&R?
Although
it
is
safe
to
assume
that
a
decline
in
music
sales
in
recent
years
has
contributed
to
a
decrease
in
the
number
of
musicians
fulfilling
these
roles,
several
changes
to
the
music
industry
over
the
past
few
decades
have
impacted
the
art
of
A&R.
Advances
in
music
technology
have
removed
the
barriers
to
entry
for
musicians.
In
previous
eras
of
the
music
industry,
artists
heavily
depended
on
labels
to
cover
recording
costs
in
studios
with
high-‐end
equipment.
Today’s
musician,
however,
can
invest
in
a
relatively
inexpensive
home
recording
setup
and
still
achieve
a
comparable
sound
quality.
Additionally,
companies
like
Tunecore
and
CD
Baby
provide
distribution
services
to
independent
artists
so
that
their
music
can
be
put
in
places
like
iTunes,
Amazon,
Spotify,
and
Google
Play
-‐
all
at
an
affordable
cost.
As
a
result,
up-‐and-‐coming
artists
no
longer
pursue
a
record
deal
by
waiting
outside
a
label
office
to
try
to
hand
their
demo
to
an
A&R
executive.
A&R
representatives
and
scouts
are
also
not
spending
much
of
their
time
sifting
through
boxes
of
CD’s
from
hopeful
bands
and
singers.
Because
artists
have
a
much
easier
time
making
their
music
visible,
the
A&R’s
job
when
seeking
talent
includes
paying
attention
to
the
activity
online.
Because
of
the
access
to
the
Internet,
many
people
can
create
blogs,
websites,
or
other
mediums
to
consume
and
discuss
music
directly
online
with
their
peers.
Popular
bloggers
and
“tastemakers”
have
influence
on
what
is
trendy.
Many
A&R’s
today
take
note
of
the
large
audience
these
groups
can
reach
and
are
able
to
determine
which
types
of
artists
or
style
of
music
is
relevant
in
the
community.
In
short,
a
good
A&R
executive
understands
that
with
respect
to
budgets
and
current
commercial
trends,
it
is
important
to
seek
out
and
try
to
sign
and
develop
talent
that
has
the
ability
to
reach
an
audience
with
their
recordings,
live
performance,
and
online
engagement.
6
Chapter
Two
–
Interviews
with
Industry
Executives
To
receive
more
qualitative
content
for
my
research,
I
interviewed
five
current
music
industry
executives.
Each
of
the
following
professionals
participated
in
a
brief
phone
interview
or
an
email
correspondence
with
certain
questions
I
posed
about
how
the
A&R
role
is
performed
today.
February
3,
2014
Interview
with
Pete
Ganbarg–
Executive
Vice
President
/
Head
of
A&R
at
Atlantic
Records
SP:
What
are
some
things
that
Atlantic
Records
has
been
doing
to
be
successful
and
a
leader
in
recorded
music
today?
PG:
We
are
constantly
searching
for
the
best
talent
to
sign
and
develop
at
our
label.
We’ve
had
some
success
with
Bruno
[Mars]
obviously
and
now
he’s
performing
the
Super
Bowl.
It
all
comes
down
to
our
commitment
as
a
team
to
help
an
artist
reach
his
or
her
potential.
SP:
What
are
you
looking
for
in
the
types
of
artists
that
you
sign
to
Atlantic?
PG:
Hard
workers.
People
that
don’t
feel
a
sense
of
entitlement.
Our
goal
is
to
work
with
a
roster
of
the
most
motivated
and
talented
artists
possible,
regardless
of
genre.
SP:
I’m
an
aspiring
A&R
and
artist
manager.
Do
you
have
any
advice
on
how
to
get
into
this
profession
today?
PG:
Get
an
internship
is
the
obvious
way.
Most
companies
hire
from
within.
Otherwise,
don’t
wait
around
for
someone
to
tell
you
to
be
an
A&R,
start
doing
it
and
managing
an
artist
now
so
that
we
will
come
to
you.
7
April
25,
2014
Interview
with
Sean
Goulding–Booking
Agent
at
The
Agency
Group
-‐
London,
UK
SP:
How
did
you
get
started
in
the
industry?
SG:
I
was
a
drummer
at
Berklee
College
of
Music
in
Boston.
I
played
a
lot
of
gigs
and
met
a
lot
of
people
because
of
it.
Then
I
started
looking
for
jobs
and
interned
at
a
booking
agency
before
realizing
it
was
something
that
I
enjoyed.
SP:
How
does
A&R
play
into
your
role
as
a
booking
agent?
SG:
It
seems
like
everyone
at
a
label,
an
agency,
or
a
publisher
has
to
at
least
be
familiar
with
A&R.
It
is
the
one
department
that
everyone
can
point
fingers
at
if
the
record
doesn’t
sell.
At
my
company,
I
am
developing
my
skills
in
A&R
because
it
helps
make
decisions
the
types
of
artists
we
represent.
SP:
What
are
some
things
that
you
listen
for
when
you
critique
a
demo?
SG:
I
pay
attention
to
song
structure,
lyrics,
and
production.
There
are
some
A&R’s
that
can
hear
a
song
and
see
its
potential
even
if
the
recording
is
rough.
I
try
to
listen
for
potential
and
assess
what
kind
of
success
we
can
have
with
an
artist
and
whether
or
not
we
want
to
represent
them
at
the
time.
8
May
23,
2014
Interview
with
Aaron
Husband
–
Director
of
A&R
for
Mach
1
Entertainment
SP:
What
are
your
main
responsibilities
in
your
day-‐
to-‐day
role
as
Director
of
A&R?
AH:
Well,
my
main
responsibilities
here
at
Mach
1
is
the
Director
of
A&R.
The
other
A&R’s
answer
to
me
and
I
send
the
material
they
send
me
on
to
the
next
guy
if
I
believe
it
is
what
we
are
looking
for.
I
speak
with
high
up
managers,
music
executives,
major
artists,
labels,
etc.
on
a
daily
basis.
I
also
go
out
and
find
talent
to
sign
to
the
company.
My
life
is
pretty
much
busy
every
single
day!
SP:
Would
you
mind
sharing
whom
a
few
of
your
recent
clients
are?
AH:
I
don’t
manage
anyone
at
all.
I
solely
seek
talent
and
find
what
sounds
good
and
unique.
My
boss,
Eddie
Galan,
manages
some
really
great
talent.
They
are
O.K.I.M.,
Paige
Thomas,
Nick
Tangorra,
Meg
Delacy,
and
Kiersey
Clemons.
I
would
suggest
for
you
to
go
and
look
them
up
when
you
have
time!
SP:
Many
consider
A&R
to
be
an
art
form.
What
are
some
key
things
that
make
a
great
A&R?
AH:
The
main
keys
to
being
a
great
A&R
are
being
able
to
work
with
anyone,
networking
skills,
and
being
able
to
speak
with
high-‐ranking
people
in
the
music
industry.
Make
some
amazing
connections
and
have
great
researching
skills
to
add
everything
else.
SP:
What
are
some
key
things
that
you
listen
for
when
you
are
doing
song
critiques?
AH:
The
few
things
that
I
look
for
in
a
record
are
great
production,
vocals,
and
most
importantly
if
the
songwriting
makes
sense.
You
can
always
have
amazing
vocals
but
if
the
song
doesn’t
make
sense
then
what
are
we
really
listening
to?
Production
is
a
huge
part
because
it
brings
the
whole
song
together.
Top-‐notch
songwriting,
production,
mixing,
and
vocals
will
grab
my
attention
very
fast.
SP:
I
understand
that
you
have
experience
in
social
media
marketing.
Does
this
play
into
your
role
as
an
A&R
at
all
and
how
much
does
an
artist’s
online
activity
affect
a
signing?
AH:
Yes,
social
media
is
a
huge
part
in
finding
music
and
talent.
I
don’t
just
have
people
submit
to
me
-‐
I
go
out
and
find
the
next
talent.
An
artist
has
to
be
very
active
on
all
social
media
sites
to
be
found
and
create
a
buzz
or
fan
base.
Social
media
is
one
of
the
huge
tools
that
are
making
artists
rich
nowadays.
9
SP:
Data
analytics
has
become
an
important
aspect
of
the
music
industry
(i.e.
the
strategic
partnership
between
Warner
Music
and
Shazaam,
Spotify’s
deal
with
Next
Big
Sound,
etc.).
How
relevant
is
data
analysis
in
your
decisions
to
sign/manage
artist?
AH:
Yes,
I
believe
so
because
A&R’s
love
to
see
how
artists
are
doing
number-‐wise.
People
want
solid
proof
of
how
an
artist
is
doing:
how
much
they
are
selling,
who
is
buying,
where
are
they
buying
the
music,
and
how
consistent
they
are.
So
in
the
end,
it
is
a
huge
tool
for
potentially
signing
an
artist.
SP:
Lastly,
do
you
have
any
advice
for
aspiring
artists
in
today’s
era
of
the
music
industry?
AH:
Here
are
a
few
things:
• Just
be
yourself
and
never
act
like
someone
else.
• Never
spam
anyone
with
your
work.
First,
build
a
relationship
with
that
person
and
talk
to
them.
Then
sending
your
material
to
them
won’t
be
a
problem.
• Don’t
underachieve.
• Don’t
assume
someone
is
downing
how
good
you
are
just
because
they
are
criticizing
your
material.
They
are
there
to
help.
• Lastly,
build
your
brand
and
never
sell
yourself
short!
10
June
10,
2014
Interview
with
Ryan
Leslie
–
Producer,
CEO/Founder
of
Next
Selection
Lifestyle
Group
SP:
First
off,
thanks
for
doing
this
interview.
I’ve
been
a
fan
of
your
music
for
a
while.
RL:
Yeah,
it
says
here
[in
my
Renegade
directory]
that
you’ve
been
rockin’
with
me
since
’10.
Appreciate
it,
no
problem.
SP:
So,
I’m
an
aspiring
A&R
and
artist
manager.
What
are
some
tools
and
skills
you
think
that
someone
like
me
needs
to
survive
in
this
industry?
RL:
Well,
first
of
all
you’ve
gotta
be
very
self-‐motivated.
It’s
a
hard
business
and
no
one
is
really
going
to
pick
you
up
if
you
fall.
You’ve
got
to
be
willing
to
grind
it
out
through
hard
times
and
keep
working
towards
your
goal.
Today
is
a
lot
different
from
even
ten
years
ago.
Of
course,
so
many
people
are
trying
to
make
it
in
music,
so
you
want
to
have
an
advantage.
It’s
good
that
you’re
in
school.
To
be
successful
you
need
to
be
good
at
more
than
one
thing.
Having
knowledge
of
management,
marketing,
how
to
run
software
like
Pro
Tools
or
Logic
X,
or
even
Photoshop,
Final
Cut
–
being
skilled
in
several
areas
allow
you
to
create
more
opportunities
for
yourself
and
for
whoever
you
represent.
SP:
What
do
you
think
an
artist
needs
to
get
started
on
his
or
her
career?
RL:
A
clear
understanding
of
what
they
want
to
achieve.
You’ve
got
to
have
the
talent
of
course,
but
being
realistic
of
what
you
can
accomplish
in
a
year
and
setting
goals
to
achieve
certain
things
is
important.
Also,
be
a
professional.
Today’s
artists
have
to
treat
themselves
as
a
business.
Get
a
website
up
and
running,
take
care
of
your
Twitter,
your
YouTube,
and
most
importantly,
know
you’re
rights.
That’s
why
I’m
independent
now
because
there
are
so
many
opportunities
you
can
create
for
yourself
if
you
stay
informed.
SP:
Do
you
have
any
other
advice
for
people
aspiring
to
be
an
A&R
or
manage?
RL:
For
aspiring
A&R’s,
managers
–
just
get
out
there
and
do
it.
The
best
way
to
get
experience
in
your
field
is
to
dive
in.
We’re
all
entrepreneurs
in
this
industry.
Don’t
be
afraid
to
take
risks.
11
June
11,
2014
Interview
with
Kristy
Warren
–
Administrative
Assistant
&
A&R
for
Lyric
House
Publishing
SP:
What
are
your
main
responsibilities
in
your
day-‐to-‐day
role
at
Lyric
House
Publishing?
KW:
A
lot
my
job
requires
providing
administrative
support
to
our
President
and
founder,
Jessica
Cole.
In
terms
of
A&R,
I
listen
to
demos
that
we
receive
via
email
and
take
note
of
songs
or
artists
that
I
think
we
may
be
interested
in
following
up
with.
SP:
What
are
some
things
that
you
listen
for
when
you
critique
a
demo?
KW:
Production.
It
used
to
be
that
A&R’s
didn’t
mind
listening
to
a
low
quality
recording
because
they
thought
they
might
be
able
to
hear
a
“diamond
in
the
rough.”
Nowadays,
it’s
cheap
to
get
a
microphone,
plug
in
to
your
computer,
and
get
a
pretty
good
sound.
Your
demo
will
be
tossed
out
if
it’s
not
at
least
semi-‐decent.
In
terms
of
the
actual
song,
I
listen
for
a
couple
things.
Vocals,
for
one,
because
it
gives
us
an
idea
of
what
we
can
do
with
a
track.
Having
a
story-‐telling
element
is
maybe
the
most
important
because
if
you
have
a
song
people
can
relate
to
it
will
sell.
SP:
If
you
were
managing
an
artist
and
trying
to
launch
their
career,
what
do
you
think
is
most
important
today
from
an
A&R
standpoint?
KW:
The
music!
Great
music
is
great
music.
Before
an
artist
even
thinks
about
[having]
a
career,
it
is
important
that
he
or
she
has
a
good
musical
product
if
they
want
any
sort
of
longevity
in
this
business.
SP:
What
is
your
advice
for
the
artists
trying
to
enter
the
business
today?
KW:
Remember
that
it’s
not
all
about
selling
records
anymore.
Touring
is
a
very
big
part
of
an
artist’s
income,
as
well
as
publishing.
Being
that
I
work
for
an
independent
publisher,
I
know
first
hand
that
it
is
very
possible
to
make
a
living
and
earn
revenue
through
publishing
as
opportunities
with
film,
commercials,
video
games,
etc.
are
all
options.
Of
course,
as
I
said
before,
it
all
comes
down
to
the
music.
12
Part
Two:
The
Wallace
Project
A&R
is
an
acquired
skill,
and
like
any
craft,
one
needs
to
practice
and
perfect
the
art
in
order
to
be
good
at
it.
Berklee
Valencia
visiting
artist
and
A&R
specialist
Sean
C
(Sean
Cane)
stated
that
“If
you
want
to
be
an
A&R,
be
an
A&R
NOW.
Don’t
wait
for
someone
else
to
hire
you
and
make
you
do
the
job.”
After
completing
many
hours
of
independent
research
through
articles,
books,
videos,
and
the
scheduled
interviews,
I
was
very
eager
to
put
my
knowledge
to
the
test.
This
resulted
in
what
I
have
called
“The
Wallace
Project.”
Wallace
is
an
American
R&B
singer
from
Beaufort,
North
Carolina.
He
cites
Ne-‐Yo
and
John
Legend
as
two
of
his
major
influences,
claiming
that
the
"sense
of
poetic
romance
in
their
lyrics"
is
something
that
he
really
enjoys
but
thinks
has
been
missing
in
contemporary
R&B/urban
pop
records.
My
relationship
with
this
artist
is
unique
for
the
simple
reason
that
–
he’s
me!
I
am
21
years
old,
and
surprisingly
to
me
at
least,
unsigned.
All
joking
aside,
I
know
plenty
of
people
older
than
me
that
have
serious
aspirations
to
make
it
in
music.
I
will
always
have
a
love
for
being
a
creator,
but
I
find
it
very
rewarding
to
be
able
to
sign
and
develop
talent,
helping
aspiring
artists
achieve
their
dreams.
Fortunately,
a
future
in
A&R
provides
the
opportunity
to
balance
career
development
with
my
passion
for
writing
records
and
producing.
Although
I
like
to
think
I
have
a
very
diverse
palate
of
musical
tastes,
I
particularly
enjoy
R&B,
pop
and
hip
hop
songs.
Because
I
would
primarily
like
to
complete
A&R
work
for
urban
artists,
I
realized
that
developing
the
brand
of
Wallace
would
be
the
perfect
opportunity
to
gain
experience
working
with
this
profile
musician.
Since
I
am
the
artist,
I
have
more
flexibility
to
frequently
use
trial
and
error
while
learning
on
the
job.
Acting
as
both
an
A&R
and
the
personal
manager
of
Wallace,
I
soon
realized
that
there
were
several
things
that
I
needed
to
research
further
in
terms
of
the
marketing,
promotion,
and
overall
branding
of
the
artist.
My
goal
from
this
project
was
to
better
understand
the
needs
of
an
artist
in
today’s
era
of
the
music
industry
and
use
this
knowledge
to
perform
at
a
higher
level
when
I
enter
the
workforce.
13
Chapter
Three
–
Getting
Started
Selecting
a
Name
One
of
the
first
and
most
important
decisions
an
artist
or
a
group
will
make
is
choosing
a
name.
For
about
two
years,
I
have
been
using
Wallace
as
my
stage
persona
because
it
is
my
last
name
on
my
original
birth
certificate.
Although
the
name
has
no
real
importance
in
regards
to
my
personal
life
growing
up,
it
is
still
a
part
of
my
past
and
serves
as
a
barrier
between
Wallace
and
the
real
me.
Despite
having
a
name,
I
had
not
previously
conducted
a
name
search
to
confirm
its
availability.
I
spent
some
time
on
websites
such
as
“www.artistdirect.com”
and
“www.bandreg.com.”
I
also
used
the
U.S.
Government
agency
site
“www.uspto.gov.”
Fortunately,
I
did
not
find
any
other
registered
artists
or
entities
using
the
name
“Wallace”
as
a
mononym
like
me.
Market
Research
After
exploring
major
R&B
and
urban
pop
artists
that
have
had
recent
and
sustained
success,
I
identified
two
main
markets
that
Wallace
should
enter:
the
United
States
and
the
United
Kingdom.
Singers
such
as
Ne-‐Yo,
Usher,
John
Legend,
Trey
Songz,
and
Robin
Thicke
have
had
considerable
accomplishments
in
both
the
charts
and
radio
of
these
locations.
The
competition
in
the
U.S.
is
challenging
because
around
five
to
six
acts
dominate
the
male
R&B
scene.
Numerous
other
singers
trickle
in
and
out
of
the
charts,
but
there
are
only
a
handful
of
artists
that
have
consistent
longevity.
In
the
U.K.,
these
same
top
artists
typically
have
success
because
of
the
common
English
language,
but
there
is
potential
to
compete
there
with
a
thriving
U.K.
independent
music
scene.
The
market
for
commercial
R&B
music
is
a
younger
demographic,
ranging
from
18-‐34
years
of
age.
This
benefits
Wallace
as
an
artist
because
he
in
this
age
range
and
therefore
can
create
relevant
subject
matter.
However,
with
album
sales
at
an
all-‐time
low,
R&B
is
one
of
the
genres
that
is
being
most
affected.
For
example,
soul
singer
Alicia
Keys
and
her
Sony
promotional
team
ran
a
large
campaign
to
promote
her
2012
album
Girl
on
Fire.
14
Despite
their
efforts,
Keys
has
sold
approximately
669,000
copies
to
date.
When
her
2007
record
As
I
Am
hit
the
shelves,
Keys
sold
742,000
units
in
the
first
week.
In
reality,
the
R&B
music
scene
is
a
singles
market.
This
is
typical
in
the
U.S.,
but
I
would
argue
that
the
decline
in
success
for
the
genre
is
related
to
the
lack
of
a
focused
target
audience,
with
many
promotional
teams
hoping
to
simply
appeal
widely
to
a
domestic
fan
base
while
hoping
that
singles
will
reach
international
charts.
The
chart
below
is
a
list
I
compiled
of
the
current
five
most
successful
male
R&B
artists.
While
they
have
seen
commercial
success,
their
numbers
like
those
of
Keys’s
are
considerably
lower
than
their
own
previous
works.
Overall,
the
R&B
genre
sold
around
55
million
albums
in
2012,
which
was
just
over
a
4
percent
decrease
from
the
previous
year.
9
These
observations
support
a
well-‐known
fact
in
the
music
industry:
albums
sales
are
on
the
decline.
With
this
knowledge
in
regards
to
R&B
music,
however,
I
understand
the
limitations
that
an
unknown
independent
singer
such
as
Wallace
faces.
Rather
than
focusing
on
selling
music,
the
strategy
for
Wallace
is
to
really
push
the
singles
towards
an
audience
and
slowly
begin
to
develop
a
fan
base.
Based
on
my
target
audience
of
young
R&B
music
listeners
ranging
from
18
to
34
years
of
age,
my
marketing
efforts
will
be
aimed
towards
creating
a
visibility
in
this
demographic.
The
more
prominent
artists
I
have
mentioned
such
as
Usher
and
Ne-‐Yo
have
strong
followings.
My
intent
is
in
part
to
promote
my
work
to
these
fans,
as
those
two
artists
are
two
of
my
biggest
influences
musically.
9
From
RIAA.com
15
Chapter
4:
Building
and
Online
&
Social
Media
Presence
As
several
of
my
interviewees
mentioned,
having
a
strong
social
media
presence
is
imperative
for
artists
in
this
era
of
the
music
industry.
As
an
independent
musician
(and
full-‐time
graduate
student),
Wallace
is
very
limited
in
his
financial
resources.
Fortunately,
launching
a
website
or
managing
certain
social
media
platforms
is
relatively
inexpensive
or
even
free.
Having
a
strong
digital
following
can
be
beneficial
when
working
with
venues
for
booking
gigs,
as
well
as
contacting
promoters
or
music
publicists.
Most
importantly,
it
is
critical
to
my
goal
of
developing
a
loyal
fan
base.
To
support
this
objective,
I
developed
a
strategic
online
marketing
strategy
for
Wallace.
Wallace’s
Online
Marketing
Strategy
Introduction:
With
the
emergence
of
the
Internet
and
various
social
media
platforms,
the
music
market
has
become
heavily
saturated
over
the
past
decade
with
music
and
other
entertainment
content.
The
urban
pop/R&B
genre
is
particularly
crowded
with
aspiring
singers,
rappers
and
instrumentalists
on
websites
such
as
YouTube,
SoundCloud,
ReverbNation,
BandCamp,
DattPiff,
HotNewHipHop,
Spotify,
and
many
others.
In
order
to
create
a
competitive
advantage
for
Wallace,
there
is
a
need
to
develop
a
strategic
online
marketing
plan
designed
to
help
consumers
discover
his
brand.
Goal:
The
primary
goal
of
this
online
marketing
strategy
is
to
build
and
develop
the
artist
brand
of
Wallace.
The
various
tools
and
strategies
to
be
utilized
will
help
create
and
monitor
an
active
fan
base,
while
strengthening
the
engagement
of
his
current
audience.
While
increasing
Facebook
likes,
Twitter
followers,
and
YouTube
subscriptions
is
of
importance,
the
priority
is
to
establish
a
core
following
that
enjoys
his
products
and
will
continue
to
support
Wallace
as
a
musician
in
the
future.
16
Strategies:
Keyword
Phrases:
In
order
to
attract
potential
consumers
that
are
using
a
search
engine,
three
keywords
phrases
have
been
selected:
“R&B
artists
2014,”
“
male
R&B
singers,”
“new
urban
artists.”
These
phrases
were
chosen
from
a
list
of
fifteen
potential
keywords
that
describe
what
the
core
product
of
the
Wallace
brand
is:
an
upcoming
male
urban/R&B
singer.
The
actual
name
“Wallace”
was
not
included
in
the
keyword
choices
because
it
is
more
than
likely
that
music
listeners
doing
searches
will
not
be
familiar
with
the
name
in
association
with
the
artist.
Instead,
phrases
that
were
somewhat
common
but
not
overly
used
were
selected,
with
the
prospect
that
they
were
specific
enough
to
yield
results,
but
not
be
overly
competing
with
other
more
popular
sites.
Search
Engine
Optimization:
Having
developed
keywords,
the
next
step
is
to
incorporate
all
websites
and
social
media
platforms
associated
with
Wallace
so
that
they
may
come
up
in
searches.
Wallace
has
an
artist
page
that
serves
as
the
central
location
for
all
of
his
music,
videos,
news,
and
other
content.
The
page
is
also
supplemented
by
his
social
media
platforms
as
well.
Completing
this
aspect
of
website
optimization
makes
it
possible
to
collect
and
analyze
relevant
data
such
as
traffic,
leads,
new
visitors
vs.
returning
visitors,
what
links
and
sections
viewers
click,
etc.
In
addition,
these
analytics
will
be
useful
to
with
advertising,
as
it
can
show
how
many
resources
must
be
expended
in
order
to
attract
a
new
consumer.
Social
Media:
The
major
challenge
of
Wallace’s
online
marketing
strategy
will
be
to
effectively
manage
his
social
media.
As
mentioned
previously,
the
priority
is
to
develop
a
quality
fan
base
for
Wallace
that
actively
engages
with
his
posts
and
enjoys
his
music
product.
While
there
are
numerous
social
media
platforms
Wallace
can
be
on,
the
focus
at
this
point
in
his
career
will
be
on
the
following:
Facebook,
Twitter,
and
YouTube.
1. Facebook:
Using
Facebook
was
a
priority
for
this
strategic
plan
because
of
the
large
number
of
users
on
the
platform.
With
over
1.3
billion
users,
Facebook
is
still
the
most
used
17
platform
and
can
be
a
great
opportunity
to
develop
a
fan
base.
The
social
media
world
has
gotten
very
noisy
in
the
past
few
years.
As
a
result,
targeting
a
specific
audience
is
a
necessity
as
well.
Facebook
analytics
helped
identify
that
the
current
demographic
of
Wallace’s
fans
is
about
a
40-‐60
split
between
males
and
females.
This
does
not
come
as
a
surprise,
as
women
typically
are
a
large
percentage
of
the
audience
of
a
male
R&B
singer.
However,
the
analytics
interface
will
be
very
important
in
helping
increase
the
Wallace
fan
base.
The
various
paid
advertising
campaigns
running
will
target
mainly
young
adult
women,
ages
18-‐26,
in
urban
areas
where
Wallace’s
genre
is
popular
and
sustaining
success.
2. Twitter:
Having
a
Twitter
is
also
a
priority
for
the
online
marketing
with
Wallace
because
it
is
a
highly
used
platform
that
serves
as
a
more
direct
method
for
the
singer
to
interact
with
his
fans.
His
number
of
followers
has
continued
to
grow,
and
this
increase
has
mainly
included
other
singers,
rappers,
producers,
bloggers,
and
A&R’s.
Aside
from
efforts
to
promote
music
and
video
content,
Twitter
will
mainly
be
used
to
establish
connections
with
other
music
industry
people
around
the
world
and
be
a
bit
more
informal
in
conversation.
3. YouTube:
The
final
social
media
platform,
YouTube,
was
an
obvious
choice
to
promote
music
and
videos
online.
However,
since
YouTube
passed
the
1
billion
user
milestone
in
2013,
it
is
safe
to
assume
that
Wallace
will
be
fighting
for
the
attention
of
potential
new
fans
will
millions
of
other
unsigned
and
independent
musicians
of
various
genres.
Like
his
website,
the
YouTube
page
of
Wallace
will
utilize
keyword
optimization
to
yield
results
in
searches.
There
is
a
lot
of
potential
to
share
content
with
viewers,
but
it
will
be
important
to
target
the
same
demographic
(18-‐26
year
old
women
that
like
R&B
music)
for
there
to
be
a
chance
for
success.
18
Chapter
Five
–
Creating
Content
While
developing
the
framework
for
Wallace’s
social
media
and
website,
I
began
compiling
music,
photo
and
video
content
that
aligned
with
the
envisioned
brand
of
the
artist.
Using
the
studio
facilities
at
Berklee
Valencia,
several
songs
demo
tracks
were
recorded.
The
results
were
a
mixture
of
new
and
old
but
unreleased
solo
material.
Nine
songs
were
completed,
but
after
putting
the
“A&R
hat”
back
on,
I
realized
that
just
three
tracks
fit
the
direction
of
the
artist:
“Never
Too
Late,”
“As
Soon
As
I’m
Home,”
and
“The
Way
You
Are.”
These
songs
were
selected
as
material
to
be
released
because
of
their
presence
of
a
story
telling
element.
Many
expert
A&R’s
have
stated,
and
I
concur,
that
this
aspect
is
very
important
to
connect
with
an
audience,
specifically
in
the
R&B
genre.
The
character
of
Wallace
is
meant
to
portray
a
genuine
and
affectionate
charmer
who
is
not
afraid
to
express
his
feelings
lyrically.
These
songs
help
achieve
that
purpose.
Shortly
after
finishing
the
solo
tracks,
I
met
Trevy
Kiy,
a
fellow
candidate
for
the
M.A.
in
Global
Entertainment
&
Music
Business
degree.
Kiy,
originally
from
San
Diego,
CA,
received
an
undergraduate
degree
in
songwriting
from
Berklee
College
of
Music
in
Boston
before
enrolling
in
the
Valencia
program.
A
talented
rapper
performing
by
the
name
of
Pappagiorgio,
he
is
heavily
influenced
by
West
Coast
hip-‐hop.
Kiy
approached
me
about
working
on
a
few
songs
together.
After
discovering
that
we
had
great
chemistry
in
the
studio,
the
idea
of
completing
a
collaboration
project
quickly
surfaced.
Compared
to
Wallace,
Pappagiorgio
was
extremely
edgy.
His
lyrical
content
skillfully
balances
comedy
and
clever
punch
lines,
despite
its
explicit
content.
We
knew
immediately
that
a
joint
album
would
have
to
emphasize
the
major
differences
between
our
respective
artist
characters.
The
concept
of
the
project
“Sex,
Love
&
Alcohol”
was
soon
established.
Pappagiorgio,
provides
the
raw,
“in
your
face”
attitude
and
sexual
content,
while
Wallace
continued
to
depict
a
smoother,
more
loving
character.
Both
artists
represented
‘Alcohol’
as
they
exemplify
a
young,
fun-‐seeking
demographic
of
men
enjoying
their
early
twenties.
19
I
served
as
the
lead
A&R
for
the
project,
as
creating
an
album
with
another
musician
requires
more
careful
attention
to
the
art.
Lyrically,
I
wanted
to
be
sure
that
all
content
would
make
sense
for
the
brands
of
both
artists.
Kiy
and
I
came
to
realize
that
to
complete
the
album
successfully,
his
occasional
vulgarity
had
to
be
limited
to
an
extent,
but
Wallace
also
needed
to
provide
some
more
edge
to
meet
Pappagiorgio
in
the
middle.
Kiy
and
I
were
responsible
for
all
of
the
writing
for
the
project.
We
handled
most
of
the
production
as
well.
For
one
track
entitled
“I
Wanna,”
we
enlisted
Houston
based
producer
and
Music
Technology
&
Innovation
student
Sean
Ruiz
for
the
beat
development.
Ruiz,
known
by
his
producer
name
5ean000,
was
able
to
help
deliver
an
important
track
that
offered
a
different
sound
than
what
Kiy
and
me
could
offer.
With
the
addition
of
this
song,
we
reached
a
total
of
eight
tracks
that
made
the
final
cut
of
the
album.
At
the
completion
of
“Sex,
Love
&
Alcohol,”
Wallace
had
a
total
of
eleven
songs
in
his
catalog
that
were
available
to
attract
new
fans.
Kiy
participated
in
the
shooting
of
several
promotional
and
music
videos
to
support
the
album.
With
content
and
a
plan
in
place
for
releasing
it,
my
marketing
abilities
and
social
media
skills
would
soon
be
put
to
the
test.
20
Part
Three:
Results
There
are
two
methods
in
which
I
sought
results
of
this
project:
qualitative
feedback
from
the
music
and
video
content,
as
well
as
quantitative
data
on
my
success
online
and
via
social
media.
This
section
details
the
responses
I
received
so
that
I
could
gauge
the
overall
success
of
this
experiment.
One
of
the
most
difficult
challenges
in
completing
the
Wallace
Project
was
finding
a
way
to
separate
my
online
activity
from
the
“noise”
in
social
media.
For
example,
Facebook
exceeded
one
billion
users
in
2013,
which
equates
to
nearly
3.7
billion
likes,
comments
and
shares
daily.
400
million
tweets
are
sent
on
Twitter
everyday
–
or
146
billion
tweets
a
year.10
With
every
effort
on
my
end,
I
was
fighting
for
attention
with
countless
other
people
across
the
globe.
While
working
on
Wallace’s
profile,
it
was
especially
more
challenging
than
anticipated
to
establish
and
build
a
fanbase.
There
are
literally
millions
of
other
unsigned
and
independent
artists
that
are
trying
to
get
their
music
heard
as
well.
Bandcamp,
the
digital
promotion
and
distribution
service
I
utilized,
claims
to
have
over
1.4
million
albums
and
10.7
million
tracks
in
its
catalog.
ReverbNation,
a
popular
alternative
within
the
urban
genres
has
more
than
3.4
million
artists
as
users
–
excluding
labels,
venues,
and
industry
professionals
that
also
have
profiles
within
the
service.
Having
any
type
of
success
in
this
type
of
campaign
requires
much
patience
and
consistency.
The
following
is
a
compilation
of
the
results
from
my
work
throughout
this
culminating
experience.
10
From
Ian
Michiels,
Principal
Analyst
at
Gleanster
Research
21
Chapter
Six
–
Content
Feedback
On
April
7,
2014,
Berklee
Valencia
hosted
Sean
Cane
(Sean
C)
and
Young
Guru
on
campus.
These
two
men
have
many
notable
production
credits
that
include
Jay-‐Z,
Mobb
Deep,
Big
Pun,
Dead
Prez,
and
various
other
big
names
in
the
hip-‐hop
and
urban
music
scene.
The
duo
took
submissions
for
an
A&R
critique
session
that
was
held
during
their
first
day
of
their
lectures.
I
submitted
a
track
from
our
album:
Shower.
Originally
a
tune
written
by
Trevy
Kiy
during
his
time
at
Berklee
Boston
as
a
songwriting
major,
we
were
very
intrigued
at
the
opportunity
to
get
feedback
from
these
individuals.
Here
is
a
transcription
of
their
comments
after
a
critical
listen:
Young
Guru:
First
off,
let
me
start
with
the
positives.
I
always
like
to
start
with
positive
feedback.
The
beat
is
good.
The
production
is
nice
and
it
is
compositionally
well
put
together.
One
thing
that
came
to
mind
for
me,
however,
was
that
you
could
be
a
little
bit
more
implicit
with
your
lyricism.
I
often
use
the
example
of
the
song
“Let’s
Get
It
On”
by
Marvin
Gaye.
As
a
child,
I
grew
up
hearing
that
song,
but
you
don’t
really
notice
that
it’s
about
sex
until
you
are
old
enough
to
understand
what
he’s
saying.
I
just
think
that
for
you
as
an
artist,
it
would
benefit
you
to
think
about
being
more
purposeful
in
how
you
say
certain
things,
as
the
artists
like
Marvin
are
the
ones
that
can
create
legacies
and
make
records
that
will
be
around
forever.
Sean
C:
I
agree.
I
think
the
music
was
really
good.
Now,
there
were
some
areas
that
you
[Wallace]
were
a
little
pitchy,
so
you
need
to
watch
that
and
really
pay
attention
to
the
vocals
to
get
them
just
right.
To
echo
Guru,
I
think
the
same
goes
for
the
rap
lyrics.
There
are
much
more
subtle
ways
to
get
what
you
want
across.
22
Sean
C
and
Young
Guru’s
comments
were
appreciated.
After
speaking
with
Trevy,
we
would
make
the
case
that
his
Pappagiorgio
character
is
meant
to
be
an
explicit,
controversial,
Vegas-‐roaming
individual
that
would
have
used
certain
language
intentionally.
The
critiques
about
Wallace,
however,
were
well
received,
as
I
would
want
for
him
to
be
more
of
a
“charmer”
and
poetic
singer
and
lyricist
if
his
brand
were
to
be
continued
after
this
experiment.
I
think
that
this
style
reflects
me
as
a
person
as
well,
but
it
was
a
lot
of
fun
to
step
outside
of
my
comfort
zone
and
bring
a
different
edge
than
I
have
before
musically,
especially
when
you
glance
at
my
solo
catalog.
Still,
the
responses
to
the
album
seemed
to
yield
mixed
reviews.
Here
are
some
anonymous
quotes
from
friends,
family,
and
the
small
group
of
fans
that
I
did
reach:
“I
appreciate
the
straight
forwardness
and
probably
how
a
lot
of
people
thinks
and
feel
I'm
sure.
It’s
a
fun
album.
Who
doesn’t
want
sex,
love,
and
alcohol?”
“Wow.
Shower...when
I
heard
it
I
was
like
REALLY?
This
can’t
be
Sammy.”
“I
like
the
album
but
it’s
really
weird
to
hear
you
cursing
and
saying
explicit
things!
It’s
great
and
all
in
fun
just
a
bit
shocking.”
“Sammy
–
great
work
man.
I
remember
all
the
times
we
talked
about
your
music
and
I
am
extremely
happy
for
you
and
proud
of
you!
Never
stop
living
out
your
dream!”
“This
has
got
like
an
R.
Kelly
and
Snoop
vibe.
Y’all
sound
great.”
“This
is
a
whole
lot
different
than
that
boy
I
knew
in
gospel
choir!”
“Who
produced
Jail
Bod?
That
song
is
a
smash!”
“You
have
all
the
talent
and
potential
in
the
world!
Great
production
–
your
lyrics
and
mixing
have
come
a
long
ways!
Keep
focusing,
working
hard,
and
the
sky
is
the
limit.”
23
Chapter
Seven
-‐
Online
&
Social
Media
Data
Facebook
A
Musician/Band
Facebook
page
was
the
first
platform
that
was
launched
for
Wallace.
As
mentioned
in
my
online
marketing
strategy,
it
did
not
seem
wise
to
neglect
this
social
media
site
as
it
has
the
largest
amount
of
users
to
date.
The
goal
for
this
platform,
as
well
as
for
all
of
my
social
media
activity,
was
to
focus
more
on
quality
rather
than
quantity.
I
prefer
a
small,
active,
engaged
fanbase
that
likes
and
shares
the
content
of
Wallace
than
a
large,
apathetic
one.
That
being
said,
Wallace’s
success
on
Facebook
was
still
very
minimal,
yielding
very
mixed
results.
From
late
January
through
February,
I
witnessed
a
steady
increase
in
page
likes,
capping
off
around
180.
All
of
these
likes
were
organic,
as
I
relied
on
self-‐promotion
and
the
help
of
friends
and
family
sharing
the
page.
With
each
post,
I
could
see
from
the
administrative
panel
that
it
would
reach
nearly
all
of
my
page
fans
and
over
75%
of
them
liked,
engaged,
clicked,
or
commented
on
it.
However,
once
the
growth
began
to
plateau,
I
began
a
series
of
paid
advertising
campaigns
to
help
my
page
reach
people
beyond
those
that
know
me.
The
decision
to
use
Facebook
advertising
to
increase
my
fan
base
ironically
is
what
crippled
the
success
of
my
artist
page.
As
you
can
see
above
in
the
chart
pictured,
I
did
see
a
24
steady
growth
of
page
likes,
pushing
my
totals
to
over
200.
I
ran
three
campaigns
to
three
different
cities:
Atlanta,
New
York,
and
Los
Angeles,
all
areas
with
larger,
urban
populations.
Specifically
targeting
women
that
“like
R&B
music,”
and
were
listed
as
“18-‐26
years
old,”
I
was
pleased
to
see
a
few
new
fans
trickle
in
over
the
span
of
five
weeks.
However,
my
page
engagement
activity
significantly
declined
once
I
started
the
paid
campaigns.
On
February
27th,
I
released
a
music
video
for
my
single
“Never
Too
Late.”
I
posted
it
and
organically
reached
200
people
just
a
few
hours
after
sharing
it.
Just
three
days
later,
I
posted
a
picture
from
the
video
to
continue
promoting
it.
I
anticipated
a
smaller
amount
of
people
reacting
and
clicking
on
it
this
time.
However,
this
post
didn’t
even
come
close
to
half
of
the
audience
I
had
previously
received.
I
have
several
examples
of
similar
occurrences
on
the
Wallace
page.
I
experimented
with
different
days,
times,
and
types
of
post
content,
but
could
not
get
anywhere
close
to
the
engagement
I
received
from
my
most
successful
post.
Oddly
enough,
a
YouTube
video
put
out
by
a
user
named
Veritasium
was
released.
It’s
title?
“Facebook
Fraud”
The
speaker
essentially
claimed
that
when
you
pay
for
Facebook
advertisements,
it
has
serious
potential
for
more
harm
than
good.
He
theorized
that
when
advertisements
are
broadcasted,
the
new
likes
and
clicks
to
pages
are
coming
from
“click
farms,”
companies
across
the
globe
that
pay
employees
to
click
on
advertisements
and
pages,
creating
fake
fans.
The
video
also
explains
that
Facebook
made
an
effort
to
purge
their
site
of
all
of
the
fake
profiles
they
detected.
Most
notably,
Justin
Bieber,
Rihanna,
Shakira,
and
Akon
all
saw
drops
of
around
100,000
likes
each
on
their
pages!11
11
From
Kirsten
Acuna,
“The
7
Celebrities
With
the
Most
Fake
Followers
on
Facebook
25
When
these
fake
fans
do
not
engage
with
your
posts,
the
posts
fail
to
spread
to
more
people.
While
I
am
usually
not
much
of
a
conspiracy
theorist,
there
was
direct
evidence
of
something
like
this
occurring
for
the
Wallace
artist
page.
I
called
several
friends
and
said,
“hey,
like
my
posts!”
It
turned
out
that
nearly
all
of
them
had
never
seen
my
advertising
efforts
despite
being
frequently
online.
This
news,
and
my
inability
to
be
effective
on
Facebook
deterred
me
from
wanting
to
continue
the
artist
page
much
further.
I
would
conclude
that
if
managing
an
artist,
I
would
have
to
really
assess
the
necessity
of
having
a
Facebook
profile.
Twitter
Twitter
turned
out
to
be
the
most
successful
platform
for
Wallace.
Although
a
count
of
92
followers
was
not
as
significant
as
the
quantity
on
Facebook,
I
learned
a
lot
about
the
“language”
of
Twitter
from
this
project.
As
I
consider
managing
an
artist
in
the
future,
I
see
a
great
opportunity
to
develop
a
network
online
through
Twitter.
Of
course,
having
a
fanbase
is
important.
I
would
like
for
Wallace
to
have
reached
around
1000
followers
by
the
end
of
this
campaign.
However,
there
were
several
users
that
favorited,
retweeted,
or
replied
to
posts.
Some
of
these
people
include
fellow
aspiring
artists,
music
producers,
bloggers,
and
simply
fans
of
R&B
music.
While
I
continue
to
release
music
and
other
content,
I
have
made
a
few
“friends”
that
are
paying
attention
to
my
work
and
could
potentially
share
it.
These
relationships
came
from
me
engaging
with
them
as
well,
as
giving
to
others
online
(i.e.
retweeting,
favoriting)
is
a
great
way
to
earn
respect.
26
As
much
as
I
would
like
to
be
successful
online,
it
is
the
offline
activity
of
Wallace
that
had
the
ability
impact
his
growth
and
fan
base.
After
a
June
6th
performance
at
Club
Mya
with
Pappagiorgio,
I
posted
the
following
tweet:
The
tweet
seems
to
only
have
a
little
bit
of
engagement,
but
three
new
followers
came
from
it,
which
I
presume
were
a
few
people
I
met
at
the
show.
I
also
think
that
a
common
rule
to
use
on
any
social
media
platform
is
to
post
more
photo
content
than
simply
texts.
I
tweeted
various
pictures
of
me
performing
or
in
the
studio
and
received
a
great
response.
Overall,
Twitter
needs
consistent
use
to
be
most
effective.
On
future
campaigns,
I
will
need
to
schedule
tweets
weekly
using
a
management
software
like
Hootsuite
so
that
the
profile
I
am
promoting
constantly
has
a
“voice”
amongst
the
social
media
noise.
YouTube
YouTube
served
as
the
central
location
for
all
video
content
I
created
for
the
Wallace
Project.
This
included
two
full
music
videos,
and
five
teasers
and
promotional
videos.
After
making
a
30
second
channel
introductory
video
as
well,
I
planned
to
use
the
YouTube
‘Fan
Finder’
advertisement
tool.
This
free
service
allows
your
videos
to
be
played
as
advertisements
in
areas
that
you
can
target
and
among
YouTube
subscribers
that
have
similar
tastes
in
terms
of
the
content
they
consume
on
the
platform.
The
challenge
with
this
is
that
in
order
to
utilize
it,
you
must
have
1000
subscribers
on
your
page
so
that
it
can
try
to
define
your
target
audience.
27
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-‐84WRLywgQ&list=UUdAk0RPuI1alwcaG6RSgWSw
Having
spent
most
of
my
efforts
on
Facebook
and
Twitter,
I
did
not
see
any
significant
growth
in
my
number
of
YouTube
subscribers.
However,
this
does
not
deter
me
from
very
actively
promoting
the
channel
of
an
artist
in
the
future,
as
I
see
great
value
in
having
at
least
a
modest
presence
on
YouTube.
Trevy
and
I
followed
up
the
most
popular
song
on
our
album,
“Jail
Bod”
with
a
music
video.
We
actually
spent
two
full
days
shooting
it
and
I
spent
an
additional
day
to
edit
it,
but
it
is
by
far
my
favorite
production
between
the
two
of
us.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0fPDWcoLzQ&index=1&list=UUdAk0RPuI1alwcaG6RSgWSw
28
The
video
for
“Never
Too
Late”
was
my
most
successful
video
to
date.
Although
YouTube’s
video
counter
gets
stopped
at
‘301+’
at
times,
Trevy
Kiy
and
I
promoted
this
video
well
as
it
is
a
heartfelt,
personal
song,
and
in
my
opinion
the
best
rap
verse
he
has
delivered
with
me,
despite
it
being
one
of
my
solo
tracks.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2bJZbNijEg&index=7&list=UUdAk0RPuI1alwcaG6RSgWSw
Overall,
the
video
content
that
was
created
to
support
our
music
content
was
received
positively.
We
were
fortunate
to
gain
the
skills
over
the
course
of
the
year
to
make
this
possible.
29
Conclusion
Jumpstarting
a
career
isn’t
as
easy
as
it
seems.
There
are
many
more
tools
that
music
executives
have
today
that
can
be
beneficial
to
A&R
and
artist
management,
but
that
does
not
mean
that
there
is
no
strategy
behind
a
campaign.
Since
artists
like
Soulja
Boy,
Justin
Bieber,
Charice
Pompengo,
and
Cody
Simpson
have
been
discovered
on
YouTube,
literally
millions
of
hopeful
musicians
have
created
accounts
on
the
platform
and
many
others,
hoping
to
be
noticed.
A
big
problem
today
is
that
this
high
volume
of
online
users
has
crowded
the
amateur
music
market.
In
the
future
when
working
with
independent
artists,
my
biggest
challenge
will
be
to
help
separate
them
from
this
large
mass.
Sure,
an
artist
like
Wallace
can
have
a
Facebook,
a
Twitter,
a
YouTube,
or
any
other
social
media
account.
But
when
developing
an
online
and
social
media
strategy,
there
must
be
a
full-‐time
commitment
to
managing
the
profiles.
That
means,
more
consistent
tweets,
posts,
etc.
Even
still,
however,
this
does
not
guarantee
success.
Careful
attention
to
demographics
that
work
for
the
artist
is
required.
I
tried
to
target
entire
cities
such
as
Atlanta.
Maybe
in
the
future,
it
may
be
better
to
start
even
smaller
-‐
work
locally
and
branch
out.
I
also
think
that
more
live
performance
opportunities
would
benefit
an
artist
like
Wallace.
Despite
playing
three
concerts,
I
was
at
the
disadvantage
of
being
based
in
Valencia,
Spain
for
this
graduate
program,
when
my
target
market
was
in
the
United
States.
I
would
recommend
that
an
artist
place
a
high
emphasis
on
local
performances
to
gain
a
following
offline,
which
may
in
turn
support
the
efforts
online
via
social
media.
As
my
interviewees
and
numerous
other
music
executives
have
said,
however,
it
comes
down
to
the
quality
of
the
music.
Great
music
is
great
music,
and
if
an
artist
has
a
good
product,
there
is
an
audience
for
it
somewhere.
30
In
conclusion,
there
were
several
learning
outcomes
and
achievements
that
I
have
to
be
proud
of.
Throughout
the
course
of
this
study,
I
was
able
to
create
music,
photo
and
video
content,
begin
building
a
fan
base,
develop
a
brand,
and
enhance
my
marketing,
promotion,
and
distribution
skills.
I
was
very
fortunate
to
have
the
opportunity
to
gain
experience
working
with
an
urban
recording
artist
in
a
controlled
setting
as
well.
Although
I
had
some
setbacks
throughout
this
process,
I
hope
that
this
research
helps
other
aspiring
A&R’s
and
managers
learn
a
few
things
that
can
help
them
as
they
try
to
get
an
artist’s
career
off
the
ground.
While
Wallace
may
be
“21
and
Unsigned,”
hopefully
there
is
a
brighter
future
for
the
musicians
that
I
will
represent
in
years
to
come.
31
Bibliography
Acuna,
Kirsten.
"The
7
Celebrities
With
The
Most
Fake
Followers
On
Facebook."
Business
Insider.
Business
Insider,
Inc,
30
Sept.
2012.
Web.
2012-‐9?op=1>.
"Bandcamp
Empowers
Artists."
Artists.
N.p.,
n.d.
Web.
27
June
2014.
.
Bouwman,
Kimbel.
"Interview
with
Richard
Niles."
Hitquarters.com.
N.p.,
23
Apr.
2007.
Web 2.html#ixzz35liAnUaN>.
Charnas,
Dan.
"The
25
Best
A&Rs
in
Hip-‐Hop
History."
Complex.com.
N.p.,
n.d.
Web.
.
"Facebook
Fraud."
YouTube.
YouTube,
10
Feb.
2014.
Web.
.
Howard,
George,
and
Jonathan
Feist.
Getting
Signed!:
An
Insider's
Guide
to
the
Record
Industry.
Boston,
MA:
Berklee,
2004.
Print.
Kurutz,
Steve.
"About
Clive
Davis."
MTV
Artists.
N.p.,
n.d.
Web.
.
Kurutz,
Steve.
"Berry
Gordy,
Jr.
|
Biography."
AllMusic.
N.p.,
n.d.
Web.
.
32
Mergner,
Lee.
"Jazz
Reviews:
The
Producer:
John
Hammond
&
the
Soul
of
American
Music
–
By
Lee
Mergner
-‐
Jazz
Articles."
Jazztimes.com.
July-‐Aug.
2008.
Web.
american-‐music-‐dunstan-‐prial>.
Michiels,
Ian.
"Cutting
Through
the
Noise
on
Social
Media."
Cutting
Through
the
Noise
on
Social
Media.
ClaraBridge
Blogs
-‐
Gleanster
Research,
22
Jan.
2014.
Web.
.
Prial,
Dunstan.
The
Producer:
John
Hammond
and
the
Soul
of
American
Music.
New
York:
Farrar,
Straus
and
Giroux,
2006.
Print.
"ReverbNation
Promotion
–
Buy
ReverbNation
Plays
and
Fans."
Reverbnation.com.
Web.
.
33
College
of
Music
–
Valencia
Campus
Master
of
Arts
in
Global
Entertainment
&
Music
Business
Class
of
2014
21
and
Unsigned:
A
Study
on
How
to
Launch
the
Career
of
a
Recording
Artist
Samuel
J.
PISANO
JURY
Research
Advisor
Members
Benjamin
COSTANTINI
Program
Faculty
Conference
Manager,
Reed
Midem
Gwendolyn
ALSTON
Program
Faculty
Co-‐founder/President,
Moca
Media
SL
Emilien
MOYON
Program
Director
Curator,
TedxBerkleeValencia
Table
of
Contents
Introduction
..........................................................................................................................................
3
Part
1:
The
Guide
to
Modern
A&R
..................................................................................................
6
Chapter
1:
What
is
Modern
A&R?
.......................................................................................................
6
Chapter
2:
Interviews
with
Industry
Executives
.............................................................................
7
Part
2:
Case
Study:
The
Wallace
Project
....................................................................................
13
Chapter
3:
Getting
Started
.................................................................................................................
14
Chapter
4:
Building
and
Online
&
Social
Media
Presence
...........................................................
16
Chapter
5:
Creating
Content
.............................................................................................................
19
Part
3:
Results
....................................................................................................................................
21
Chapter
6:
Content
Feedback
............................................................................................................
22
Chapter
7:
Online
&
Social
Media
Data
...........................................................................................
24
Conclusion
...........................................................................................................................................
30
2
Introduction
A&R,
or
Artists
and
Repertoire,
is
widely
considered
one
of
the
most
attractive
departments
at
a
music
company.
Historically,
these
were
the
gatekeepers:
the
individuals
responsible
for
signing
and
developing
new
talent
for
a
label.
These
roles
were
very
scarce.
John
Hammond
is
considered
to
be
one
of
the
most
important
A&R
executives
in
20th
century
popular
music.
After
spending
the
early
part
of
his
career
as
a
record
producer,
Hammond
expanded
his
efforts
from
a
more
traditional
role
inside
the
studio
to
perform
the
duties
now
associated
with
talent
scouts.
By
selecting
the
right
songs
and
He
was
influential
the
careers
of
many
notable
artists
such
as
Count
Basie,
Bob
Dylan,
Billie
Holiday,
Robert
Johnson
and
Bruce
Springsteen.
In
addition
to
signing
these
acts
to
the
label,
Hammond
played
a
role
in
finding
the
right
material
for
these
individuals
to
record.1
Hammond
also
accomplished
things
in
music
from
a
cultural
standpoint.
Inspired
by
the
music
of
African
Americans,
he
had
committed
much
of
his
time
and
efforts
to
working
in
the
jazz,
blues
and
spiritual
genres.2
A
man
born
from
privilege,
the
heir
to
a
New
York
family
fortune,
Hammond
was
determined
to
help
mend
race
relations
in
the
United
States
at
the
time.
He
helped
create
opportunities
for
artists,
such
as
Aretha
Franklin,
to
have
very
successful
pop
careers.
Although
Hammond
cannot
be
fully
crediting
for
“discovering”
this
roster
of
talented
musicians,
he
was
John
Hammond
Pictured
with
Aretha
Franklin
in
1959
influential
in
integrating
black
singers
and
instrumentalists
into
society
by
being
very
hands
on
in
regards
to
their
artist
development.3
1
From
George
Howard,
“Getting
Signed!:
An
Insider’s
Guide
to
the
Record
Industry”
2
From
Dunstan
Prial,
“The
Producer:
John
Hammond
&
the
Soul
of
American
Music
3
From
Lee
Mergner,
“The
Producer:
John
Hammond
&
the
Soul
of
American
Music
3
Since
Hammond
left
his
mark
in
the
profession,
the
role
of
A&R
has
evolved
over
the
latter
half
of
the
twentieth
century.
In
this
time
period,
many
great
music
executives
have
made
contributions
that
have
helped
change
the
music
industry
forever:
Berry
Gordy
Jr.
Much
like
John
Hammond,
Berry
Gordy
Jr.
was
at
the
forefront
of
the
movement
to
integrate
the
popular
music
scene
in
the
United
States.
He
was
known
as
a
prominent
black
citizen
in
Detroit
as
his
father
had
created
many
opportunities
for
black
people
through
the
automobile
industry
there.
Gordy
Jr.
reinvested
some
profits
and
founded
Motown
Records.
He
is
considered
one
of
the
“original
A&R
record
executives”
for
his
contributions,
with
a
career
spanning
more
than
six
decades.
His
successful
acts
include
Marvin
Gaye,
The
Temptations,
The
Jackson
Five
and
many
more
huge
acts
of
the
era.4
Clive
Davis
Clive
Davis
was
the
president
of
five
different
major
record
labels:
Columbia
Records,
Arista
Records,
RCA
Records,
J
Records,
and
Sony
Music
after
the
merger
with
BMG.
He
has
signed
superstar
talents
like
Kelly
Clarkson,
Whitney
Houston,
Alicia
Keys,
and
Barry
Manilow.
Clive
Davis
is
also
a
member
of
the
Rock
and
Roll
Hall
of
Fame
and
has
won
five
Grammy
Awards.5
4
From
Steve
Kurutz,
“Berry
Gordy
Jr.
Artist
Biography”
5
From
Steve
Kurutz,
“Clive
Davis
Artist
Biography”
4
Barry
Weis
Barry
Weiss,
founder
and
former
CEO
of
Jive
Records,
built
the
most
powerful,
influential
and
long
lasting
record
label
in
history
signing
dozens
of
notable
acts
in
the
hip
hop,
R&B,
and
pop
music
scenes,
including
A
Tribe
Called
Quest,
KRS-‐
One,
Too
Short,
R.
Kelly,
Aaliyah,
Brittany
Spears,
N’Sync
and
the
Backstreet
Boys.
6
Antonio
“LA”
Reid
LA
Reid
is
one
of
the
most
successful
A&R
executives
in
the
modern
era
of
the
music
industry.
He
has
spent
a
long
career
in
large
roles
as
the
CEO
of
Island
Def
Jam
Music
Group
and
Epic
Records.
He
has
signed
some
of
today’s
biggest
stars
like
Usher,
Kanye
West,
Rihanna,
and
many
others.
7
While
traditionally,
the
most
prominent
A&R
executives
were
musicians,
usually
composers,
arrangers,
producers,
and
songwriters,
top
A&R’s
today
are
rarely
known
for
their
musical
talents
and
abilities.
American
composer
Richard
Niles
had
the
following
quote
about
the
state
of
the
profession:
When
the
multinational
conglomerates
took
over
and
brought
all
the
independent
record
labels,
the
record
labels
were
no
longer
owned
by
music
loving
entrepreneurs.
You
don’t
have
guys
like
[American
music
producer]
Jerry
Wexler
running
record
companies
now.
What
you’ve
got
now
is
huge
multinational
companies
where
most
of
their
A&R
staff
are
businessmen.
They’re
people
who
look
at
music
from
the
standpoint
of
marketing,
not
from
the
standpoint
of
music
and
talent.
They
will
say,
”Go
out
and
get
me
anything
that’s
popular
now.
8
6
From
Dan
Charnas,
“The
25
Best
A&R’s
in
Hip-‐Hop
History”
7
From
Bill
Lamb,
“LA
Reid
Artist
Biography”
8
From
Kimbal
Bouwman
Interview
with
Richard
Niles
5
Part
One:
The
Guide
to
Modern
A&R
Chapter
One
-‐
What
is
Modern
A&R?
Although
it
is
safe
to
assume
that
a
decline
in
music
sales
in
recent
years
has
contributed
to
a
decrease
in
the
number
of
musicians
fulfilling
these
roles,
several
changes
to
the
music
industry
over
the
past
few
decades
have
impacted
the
art
of
A&R.
Advances
in
music
technology
have
removed
the
barriers
to
entry
for
musicians.
In
previous
eras
of
the
music
industry,
artists
heavily
depended
on
labels
to
cover
recording
costs
in
studios
with
high-‐end
equipment.
Today’s
musician,
however,
can
invest
in
a
relatively
inexpensive
home
recording
setup
and
still
achieve
a
comparable
sound
quality.
Additionally,
companies
like
Tunecore
and
CD
Baby
provide
distribution
services
to
independent
artists
so
that
their
music
can
be
put
in
places
like
iTunes,
Amazon,
Spotify,
and
Play
-‐
all
at
an
affordable
cost.
As
a
result,
up-‐and-‐coming
artists
no
longer
pursue
a
record
deal
by
waiting
outside
a
label
office
to
try
to
hand
their
demo
to
an
A&R
executive.
A&R
representatives
and
scouts
are
also
not
spending
much
of
their
time
sifting
through
boxes
of
CD’s
from
hopeful
bands
and
singers.
Because
artists
have
a
much
easier
time
making
their
music
visible,
the
A&R’s
job
when
seeking
talent
includes
paying
attention
to
the
activity
online.
Because
of
the
access
to
the
Internet,
many
people
can
create
blogs,
websites,
or
other
mediums
to
consume
and
discuss
music
directly
online
with
their
peers.
Popular
bloggers
and
“tastemakers”
have
influence
on
what
is
trendy.
Many
A&R’s
today
take
note
of
the
large
audience
these
groups
can
reach
and
are
able
to
determine
which
types
of
artists
or
style
of
music
is
relevant
in
the
community.
In
short,
a
good
A&R
executive
understands
that
with
respect
to
budgets
and
current
commercial
trends,
it
is
important
to
seek
out
and
try
to
sign
and
develop
talent
that
has
the
ability
to
reach
an
audience
with
their
recordings,
live
performance,
and
online
engagement.
6
Chapter
Two
–
Interviews
with
Industry
Executives
To
receive
more
qualitative
content
for
my
research,
I
interviewed
five
current
music
industry
executives.
Each
of
the
following
professionals
participated
in
a
brief
phone
interview
or
an
correspondence
with
certain
questions
I
posed
about
how
the
A&R
role
is
performed
today.
February
3,
2014
Interview
with
Pete
Ganbarg–
Executive
Vice
President
/
Head
of
A&R
at
Atlantic
Records
SP:
What
are
some
things
that
Atlantic
Records
has
been
doing
to
be
successful
and
a
leader
in
recorded
music
today?
PG:
We
are
constantly
searching
for
the
best
talent
to
sign
and
develop
at
our
label.
We’ve
had
some
success
with
Bruno
[Mars]
obviously
and
now
he’s
performing
the
Super
Bowl.
It
all
comes
down
to
our
commitment
as
a
team
to
help
an
artist
reach
his
or
her
potential.
SP:
What
are
you
looking
for
in
the
types
of
artists
that
you
sign
to
Atlantic?
PG:
Hard
workers.
People
that
don’t
feel
a
sense
of
entitlement.
Our
goal
is
to
work
with
a
roster
of
the
most
motivated
and
talented
artists
possible,
regardless
of
genre.
SP:
I’m
an
aspiring
A&R
and
artist
manager.
Do
you
have
any
advice
on
how
to
get
into
this
profession
today?
PG:
Get
an
internship
is
the
obvious
way.
Most
companies
hire
from
within.
Otherwise,
don’t
wait
around
for
someone
to
tell
you
to
be
an
A&R,
start
doing
it
and
managing
an
artist
now
so
that
we
will
come
to
you.
7
April
25,
2014
Interview
with
Sean
Goulding–Booking
Agent
at
The
Agency
Group
-‐
London,
UK
SP:
How
did
you
get
started
in
the
industry?
SG:
I
was
a
drummer
at
Berklee
College
of
Music
in
Boston.
I
played
a
lot
of
gigs
and
met
a
lot
of
people
because
of
it.
Then
I
started
looking
for
jobs
and
interned
at
a
booking
agency
before
realizing
it
was
something
that
I
enjoyed.
SP:
How
does
A&R
play
into
your
role
as
a
booking
agent?
SG:
It
seems
like
everyone
at
a
label,
an
agency,
or
a
publisher
has
to
at
least
be
familiar
with
A&R.
It
is
the
one
department
that
everyone
can
point
fingers
at
if
the
record
doesn’t
sell.
At
my
company,
I
am
developing
my
skills
in
A&R
because
it
helps
make
decisions
the
types
of
artists
we
represent.
SP:
What
are
some
things
that
you
listen
for
when
you
critique
a
demo?
SG:
I
pay
attention
to
song
structure,
lyrics,
and
production.
There
are
some
A&R’s
that
can
hear
a
song
and
see
its
potential
even
if
the
recording
is
rough.
I
try
to
listen
for
potential
and
assess
what
kind
of
success
we
can
have
with
an
artist
and
whether
or
not
we
want
to
represent
them
at
the
time.
8
May
23,
2014
Interview
with
Aaron
Husband
–
Director
of
A&R
for
Mach
1
Entertainment
SP:
What
are
your
main
responsibilities
in
your
day-‐
to-‐day
role
as
Director
of
A&R?
AH:
Well,
my
main
responsibilities
here
at
Mach
1
is
the
Director
of
A&R.
The
other
A&R’s
answer
to
me
and
I
send
the
material
they
send
me
on
to
the
next
guy
if
I
believe
it
is
what
we
are
looking
for.
I
speak
with
high
up
managers,
music
executives,
major
artists,
labels,
etc.
on
a
daily
basis.
I
also
go
out
and
find
talent
to
sign
to
the
company.
My
life
is
pretty
much
busy
every
single
day!
SP:
Would
you
mind
sharing
whom
a
few
of
your
recent
clients
are?
AH:
I
don’t
manage
anyone
at
all.
I
solely
seek
talent
and
find
what
sounds
good
and
unique.
My
boss,
Eddie
Galan,
manages
some
really
great
talent.
They
are
O.K.I.M.,
Paige
Thomas,
Nick
Tangorra,
Meg
Delacy,
and
Kiersey
Clemons.
I
would
suggest
for
you
to
go
and
look
them
up
when
you
have
time!
SP:
Many
consider
A&R
to
be
an
art
form.
What
are
some
key
things
that
make
a
great
A&R?
AH:
The
main
keys
to
being
a
great
A&R
are
being
able
to
work
with
anyone,
networking
skills,
and
being
able
to
speak
with
high-‐ranking
people
in
the
music
industry.
Make
some
amazing
connections
and
have
great
researching
skills
to
add
everything
else.
SP:
What
are
some
key
things
that
you
listen
for
when
you
are
doing
song
critiques?
AH:
The
few
things
that
I
look
for
in
a
record
are
great
production,
vocals,
and
most
importantly
if
the
songwriting
makes
sense.
You
can
always
have
amazing
vocals
but
if
the
song
doesn’t
make
sense
then
what
are
we
really
listening
to?
Production
is
a
huge
part
because
it
brings
the
whole
song
together.
Top-‐notch
songwriting,
production,
mixing,
and
vocals
will
grab
my
attention
very
fast.
SP:
I
understand
that
you
have
experience
in
social
media
marketing.
Does
this
play
into
your
role
as
an
A&R
at
all
and
how
much
does
an
artist’s
online
activity
affect
a
signing?
AH:
Yes,
social
media
is
a
huge
part
in
finding
music
and
talent.
I
don’t
just
have
people
submit
to
me
-‐
I
go
out
and
find
the
next
talent.
An
artist
has
to
be
very
active
on
all
social
media
sites
to
be
found
and
create
a
buzz
or
fan
base.
Social
media
is
one
of
the
huge
tools
that
are
making
artists
rich
nowadays.
9
SP:
Data
analytics
has
become
an
important
aspect
of
the
music
industry
(i.e.
the
strategic
partnership
between
Warner
Music
and
Shazaam,
Spotify’s
deal
with
Next
Big
Sound,
etc.).
How
relevant
is
data
analysis
in
your
decisions
to
sign/manage
artist?
AH:
Yes,
I
believe
so
because
A&R’s
love
to
see
how
artists
are
doing
number-‐wise.
People
want
solid
proof
of
how
an
artist
is
doing:
how
much
they
are
selling,
who
is
buying,
where
are
they
buying
the
music,
and
how
consistent
they
are.
So
in
the
end,
it
is
a
huge
tool
for
potentially
signing
an
artist.
SP:
Lastly,
do
you
have
any
advice
for
aspiring
artists
in
today’s
era
of
the
music
industry?
AH:
Here
are
a
few
things:
• Just
be
yourself
and
never
act
like
someone
else.
• Never
spam
anyone
with
your
work.
First,
build
a
relationship
with
that
person
and
talk
to
them.
Then
sending
your
material
to
them
won’t
be
a
problem.
• Don’t
underachieve.
• Don’t
assume
someone
is
downing
how
good
you
are
just
because
they
are
criticizing
your
material.
They
are
there
to
help.
• Lastly,
build
your
brand
and
never
sell
yourself
short!
10
June
10,
2014
Interview
with
Ryan
Leslie
–
Producer,
CEO/Founder
of
Next
Selection
Lifestyle
Group
SP:
First
off,
thanks
for
doing
this
interview.
I’ve
been
a
fan
of
your
music
for
a
while.
RL:
Yeah,
it
says
here
[in
my
Renegade
directory]
that
you’ve
been
rockin’
with
me
since
’10.
Appreciate
it,
no
problem.
SP:
So,
I’m
an
aspiring
A&R
and
artist
manager.
What
are
some
tools
and
skills
you
think
that
someone
like
me
needs
to
survive
in
this
industry?
RL:
Well,
first
of
all
you’ve
gotta
be
very
self-‐motivated.
It’s
a
hard
business
and
no
one
is
really
going
to
pick
you
up
if
you
fall.
You’ve
got
to
be
willing
to
grind
it
out
through
hard
times
and
keep
working
towards
your
goal.
Today
is
a
lot
different
from
even
ten
years
ago.
Of
course,
so
many
people
are
trying
to
make
it
in
music,
so
you
want
to
have
an
advantage.
It’s
good
that
you’re
in
school.
To
be
successful
you
need
to
be
good
at
more
than
one
thing.
Having
knowledge
of
management,
marketing,
how
to
run
software
like
Pro
Tools
or
Logic
X,
or
even
Photoshop,
Final
Cut
–
being
skilled
in
several
areas
allow
you
to
create
more
opportunities
for
yourself
and
for
whoever
you
represent.
SP:
What
do
you
think
an
artist
needs
to
get
started
on
his
or
her
career?
RL:
A
clear
understanding
of
what
they
want
to
achieve.
You’ve
got
to
have
the
talent
of
course,
but
being
realistic
of
what
you
can
accomplish
in
a
year
and
setting
goals
to
achieve
certain
things
is
important.
Also,
be
a
professional.
Today’s
artists
have
to
treat
themselves
as
a
business.
Get
a
website
up
and
running,
take
care
of
your
Twitter,
your
YouTube,
and
most
importantly,
know
you’re
rights.
That’s
why
I’m
independent
now
because
there
are
so
many
opportunities
you
can
create
for
yourself
if
you
stay
informed.
SP:
Do
you
have
any
other
advice
for
people
aspiring
to
be
an
A&R
or
manage?
RL:
For
aspiring
A&R’s,
managers
–
just
get
out
there
and
do
it.
The
best
way
to
get
experience
in
your
field
is
to
dive
in.
We’re
all
entrepreneurs
in
this
industry.
Don’t
be
afraid
to
take
risks.
11
June
11,
2014
Interview
with
Kristy
Warren
–
Administrative
Assistant
&
A&R
for
Lyric
House
Publishing
SP:
What
are
your
main
responsibilities
in
your
day-‐to-‐day
role
at
Lyric
House
Publishing?
KW:
A
lot
my
job
requires
providing
administrative
support
to
our
President
and
founder,
Jessica
Cole.
In
terms
of
A&R,
I
listen
to
demos
that
we
receive
via
and
take
note
of
songs
or
artists
that
I
think
we
may
be
interested
in
following
up
with.
SP:
What
are
some
things
that
you
listen
for
when
you
critique
a
demo?
KW:
Production.
It
used
to
be
that
A&R’s
didn’t
mind
listening
to
a
low
quality
recording
because
they
thought
they
might
be
able
to
hear
a
“diamond
in
the
rough.”
Nowadays,
it’s
cheap
to
get
a
microphone,
plug
in
to
your
computer,
and
get
a
pretty
good
sound.
Your
demo
will
be
tossed
out
if
it’s
not
at
least
semi-‐decent.
In
terms
of
the
actual
song,
I
listen
for
a
couple
things.
Vocals,
for
one,
because
it
gives
us
an
idea
of
what
we
can
do
with
a
track.
Having
a
story-‐telling
element
is
maybe
the
most
important
because
if
you
have
a
song
people
can
relate
to
it
will
sell.
SP:
If
you
were
managing
an
artist
and
trying
to
launch
their
career,
what
do
you
think
is
most
important
today
from
an
A&R
standpoint?
KW:
The
music!
Great
music
is
great
music.
Before
an
artist
even
thinks
about
[having]
a
career,
it
is
important
that
he
or
she
has
a
good
musical
product
if
they
want
any
sort
of
longevity
in
this
business.
SP:
What
is
your
advice
for
the
artists
trying
to
enter
the
business
today?
KW:
Remember
that
it’s
not
all
about
selling
records
anymore.
Touring
is
a
very
big
part
of
an
artist’s
income,
as
well
as
publishing.
Being
that
I
work
for
an
independent
publisher,
I
know
first
hand
that
it
is
very
possible
to
make
a
living
and
earn
revenue
through
publishing
as
opportunities
with
film,
commercials,
video
games,
etc.
are
all
options.
Of
course,
as
I
said
before,
it
all
comes
down
to
the
music.
12
Part
Two:
The
Wallace
Project
A&R
is
an
acquired
skill,
and
like
any
craft,
one
needs
to
practice
and
perfect
the
art
in
order
to
be
good
at
it.
Berklee
Valencia
visiting
artist
and
A&R
specialist
Sean
C
(Sean
Cane)
stated
that
“If
you
want
to
be
an
A&R,
be
an
A&R
NOW.
Don’t
wait
for
someone
else
to
hire
you
and
make
you
do
the
job.”
After
completing
many
hours
of
independent
research
through
articles,
books,
videos,
and
the
scheduled
interviews,
I
was
very
eager
to
put
my
knowledge
to
the
test.
This
resulted
in
what
I
have
called
“The
Wallace
Project.”
Wallace
is
an
American
R&B
singer
from
Beaufort,
North
Carolina.
He
cites
Ne-‐Yo
and
John
Legend
as
two
of
his
major
influences,
claiming
that
the
"sense
of
poetic
romance
in
their
lyrics"
is
something
that
he
really
enjoys
but
thinks
has
been
missing
in
contemporary
R&B/urban
pop
records.
My
relationship
with
this
artist
is
unique
for
the
simple
reason
that
–
he’s
me!
I
am
21
years
old,
and
surprisingly
to
me
at
least,
unsigned.
All
joking
aside,
I
know
plenty
of
people
older
than
me
that
have
serious
aspirations
to
make
it
in
music.
I
will
always
have
a
love
for
being
a
creator,
but
I
find
it
very
rewarding
to
be
able
to
sign
and
develop
talent,
helping
aspiring
artists
achieve
their
dreams.
Fortunately,
a
future
in
A&R
provides
the
opportunity
to
balance
career
development
with
my
passion
for
writing
records
and
producing.
Although
I
like
to
think
I
have
a
very
diverse
palate
of
musical
tastes,
I
particularly
enjoy
R&B,
pop
and
hip
hop
songs.
Because
I
would
primarily
like
to
complete
A&R
work
for
urban
artists,
I
realized
that
developing
the
brand
of
Wallace
would
be
the
perfect
opportunity
to
gain
experience
working
with
this
profile
musician.
Since
I
am
the
artist,
I
have
more
flexibility
to
frequently
use
trial
and
error
while
learning
on
the
job.
Acting
as
both
an
A&R
and
the
personal
manager
of
Wallace,
I
soon
realized
that
there
were
several
things
that
I
needed
to
research
further
in
terms
of
the
marketing,
promotion,
and
overall
branding
of
the
artist.
My
goal
from
this
project
was
to
better
understand
the
needs
of
an
artist
in
today’s
era
of
the
music
industry
and
use
this
knowledge
to
perform
at
a
higher
level
when
I
enter
the
workforce.
13
Chapter
Three
–
Getting
Started
Selecting
a
Name
One
of
the
first
and
most
important
decisions
an
artist
or
a
group
will
make
is
choosing
a
name.
For
about
two
years,
I
have
been
using
Wallace
as
my
stage
persona
because
it
is
my
last
name
on
my
original
birth
certificate.
Although
the
name
has
no
real
importance
in
regards
to
my
personal
life
growing
up,
it
is
still
a
part
of
my
past
and
serves
as
a
barrier
between
Wallace
and
the
real
me.
Despite
having
a
name,
I
had
not
previously
conducted
a
name
search
to
confirm
its
availability.
I
spent
some
time
on
websites
such
as
“www.artistdirect.com”
and
“www.bandreg.com.”
I
also
used
the
U.S.
Government
agency
site
“www.uspto.gov.”
Fortunately,
I
did
not
find
any
other
registered
artists
or
entities
using
the
name
“Wallace”
as
a
mononym
like
me.
Market
Research
After
exploring
major
R&B
and
urban
pop
artists
that
have
had
recent
and
sustained
success,
I
identified
two
main
markets
that
Wallace
should
enter:
the
United
States
and
the
United
Kingdom.
Singers
such
as
Ne-‐Yo,
Usher,
John
Legend,
Trey
Songz,
and
Robin
Thicke
have
had
considerable
accomplishments
in
both
the
charts
and
radio
of
these
locations.
The
competition
in
the
U.S.
is
challenging
because
around
five
to
six
acts
dominate
the
male
R&B
scene.
Numerous
other
singers
trickle
in
and
out
of
the
charts,
but
there
are
only
a
handful
of
artists
that
have
consistent
longevity.
In
the
U.K.,
these
same
top
artists
typically
have
success
because
of
the
common
English
language,
but
there
is
potential
to
compete
there
with
a
thriving
U.K.
independent
music
scene.
The
market
for
commercial
R&B
music
is
a
younger
demographic,
ranging
from
18-‐34
years
of
age.
This
benefits
Wallace
as
an
artist
because
he
in
this
age
range
and
therefore
can
create
relevant
subject
matter.
However,
with
album
sales
at
an
all-‐time
low,
R&B
is
one
of
the
genres
that
is
being
most
affected.
For
example,
soul
singer
Alicia
Keys
and
her
Sony
promotional
team
ran
a
large
campaign
to
promote
her
2012
album
Girl
on
Fire.
14
Despite
their
efforts,
Keys
has
sold
approximately
669,000
copies
to
date.
When
her
2007
record
As
I
Am
hit
the
shelves,
Keys
sold
742,000
units
in
the
first
week.
In
reality,
the
R&B
music
scene
is
a
singles
market.
This
is
typical
in
the
U.S.,
but
I
would
argue
that
the
decline
in
success
for
the
genre
is
related
to
the
lack
of
a
focused
target
audience,
with
many
promotional
teams
hoping
to
simply
appeal
widely
to
a
domestic
fan
base
while
hoping
that
singles
will
reach
international
charts.
The
chart
below
is
a
list
I
compiled
of
the
current
five
most
successful
male
R&B
artists.
While
they
have
seen
commercial
success,
their
numbers
like
those
of
Keys’s
are
considerably
lower
than
their
own
previous
works.
Overall,
the
R&B
genre
sold
around
55
million
albums
in
2012,
which
was
just
over
a
4
percent
decrease
from
the
previous
year.
9
These
observations
support
a
well-‐known
fact
in
the
music
industry:
albums
sales
are
on
the
decline.
With
this
knowledge
in
regards
to
R&B
music,
however,
I
understand
the
limitations
that
an
unknown
independent
singer
such
as
Wallace
faces.
Rather
than
focusing
on
selling
music,
the
strategy
for
Wallace
is
to
really
push
the
singles
towards
an
audience
and
slowly
begin
to
develop
a
fan
base.
Based
on
my
target
audience
of
young
R&B
music
listeners
ranging
from
18
to
34
years
of
age,
my
marketing
efforts
will
be
aimed
towards
creating
a
visibility
in
this
demographic.
The
more
prominent
artists
I
have
mentioned
such
as
Usher
and
Ne-‐Yo
have
strong
followings.
My
intent
is
in
part
to
promote
my
work
to
these
fans,
as
those
two
artists
are
two
of
my
biggest
influences
musically.
9
From
RIAA.com
15
Chapter
4:
Building
and
Online
&
Social
Media
Presence
As
several
of
my
interviewees
mentioned,
having
a
strong
social
media
presence
is
imperative
for
artists
in
this
era
of
the
music
industry.
As
an
independent
musician
(and
full-‐time
graduate
student),
Wallace
is
very
limited
in
his
financial
resources.
Fortunately,
launching
a
website
or
managing
certain
social
media
platforms
is
relatively
inexpensive
or
even
free.
Having
a
strong
digital
following
can
be
beneficial
when
working
with
venues
for
booking
gigs,
as
well
as
contacting
promoters
or
music
publicists.
Most
importantly,
it
is
critical
to
my
goal
of
developing
a
loyal
fan
base.
To
support
this
objective,
I
developed
a
strategic
online
marketing
strategy
for
Wallace.
Wallace’s
Online
Marketing
Strategy
Introduction:
With
the
emergence
of
the
Internet
and
various
social
media
platforms,
the
music
market
has
become
heavily
saturated
over
the
past
decade
with
music
and
other
entertainment
content.
The
urban
pop/R&B
genre
is
particularly
crowded
with
aspiring
singers,
rappers
and
instrumentalists
on
websites
such
as
YouTube,
SoundCloud,
ReverbNation,
BandCamp,
DattPiff,
HotNewHipHop,
Spotify,
and
many
others.
In
order
to
create
a
competitive
advantage
for
Wallace,
there
is
a
need
to
develop
a
strategic
online
marketing
plan
designed
to
help
consumers
discover
his
brand.
Goal:
The
primary
goal
of
this
online
marketing
strategy
is
to
build
and
develop
the
artist
brand
of
Wallace.
The
various
tools
and
strategies
to
be
utilized
will
help
create
and
monitor
an
active
fan
base,
while
strengthening
the
engagement
of
his
current
audience.
While
increasing
likes,
followers,
and
YouTube
subscriptions
is
of
importance,
the
priority
is
to
establish
a
core
following
that
enjoys
his
products
and
will
continue
to
support
Wallace
as
a
musician
in
the
future.
16
Strategies:
Keyword
Phrases:
In
order
to
attract
potential
consumers
that
are
using
a
search
engine,
three
keywords
phrases
have
been
selected:
“R&B
artists
2014,”
“
male
R&B
singers,”
“new
urban
artists.”
These
phrases
were
chosen
from
a
list
of
fifteen
potential
keywords
that
describe
what
the
core
product
of
the
Wallace
brand
is:
an
upcoming
male
urban/R&B
singer.
The
actual
name
“Wallace”
was
not
included
in
the
keyword
choices
because
it
is
more
than
likely
that
music
listeners
doing
searches
will
not
be
familiar
with
the
name
in
association
with
the
artist.
Instead,
phrases
that
were
somewhat
common
but
not
overly
used
were
selected,
with
the
prospect
that
they
were
specific
enough
to
yield
results,
but
not
be
overly
competing
with
other
more
popular
sites.
Search
Engine
Optimization:
Having
developed
keywords,
the
next
step
is
to
incorporate
all
websites
and
social
media
platforms
associated
with
Wallace
so
that
they
may
come
up
in
searches.
Wallace
has
an
artist
page
that
serves
as
the
central
location
for
all
of
his
music,
videos,
news,
and
other
content.
The
page
is
also
supplemented
by
his
social
media
platforms
as
well.
Completing
this
aspect
of
website
optimization
makes
it
possible
to
collect
and
analyze
relevant
data
such
as
traffic,
leads,
new
visitors
vs.
returning
visitors,
what
links
and
sections
viewers
click,
etc.
In
addition,
these
analytics
will
be
useful
to
with
advertising,
as
it
can
show
how
many
resources
must
be
expended
in
order
to
attract
a
new
consumer.
Social
Media:
The
major
challenge
of
Wallace’s
online
marketing
strategy
will
be
to
effectively
manage
his
social
media.
As
mentioned
previously,
the
priority
is
to
develop
a
quality
fan
base
for
Wallace
that
actively
engages
with
his
posts
and
enjoys
his
music
product.
While
there
are
numerous
social
media
platforms
Wallace
can
be
on,
the
focus
at
this
point
in
his
career
will
be
on
the
following:
Facebook,
Twitter,
and
YouTube.
1. Facebook:
Using
was
a
priority
for
this
strategic
plan
because
of
the
large
number
of
users
on
the
platform.
With
over
1.3
billion
users,
is
still
the
most
used
17
platform
and
can
be
a
great
opportunity
to
develop
a
fan
base.
The
social
media
world
has
gotten
very
noisy
in
the
past
few
years.
As
a
result,
targeting
a
specific
audience
is
a
necessity
as
well.
analytics
helped
identify
that
the
current
demographic
of
Wallace’s
fans
is
about
a
40-‐60
split
between
males
and
females.
This
does
not
come
as
a
surprise,
as
women
typically
are
a
large
percentage
of
the
audience
of
a
male
R&B
singer.
However,
the
analytics
interface
will
be
very
important
in
helping
increase
the
Wallace
fan
base.
The
various
paid
advertising
campaigns
running
will
target
mainly
young
adult
women,
ages
18-‐26,
in
urban
areas
where
Wallace’s
genre
is
popular
and
sustaining
success.
2. Twitter:
Having
a
is
also
a
priority
for
the
online
marketing
with
Wallace
because
it
is
a
highly
used
platform
that
serves
as
a
more
direct
method
for
the
singer
to
interact
with
his
fans.
His
number
of
followers
has
continued
to
grow,
and
this
increase
has
mainly
included
other
singers,
rappers,
producers,
bloggers,
and
A&R’s.
Aside
from
efforts
to
promote
music
and
video
content,
will
mainly
be
used
to
establish
connections
with
other
music
industry
people
around
the
world
and
be
a
bit
more
informal
in
conversation.
3. YouTube:
The
final
social
media
platform,
YouTube,
was
an
obvious
choice
to
promote
music
and
videos
online.
However,
since
YouTube
passed
the
1
billion
user
milestone
in
2013,
it
is
safe
to
assume
that
Wallace
will
be
fighting
for
the
attention
of
potential
new
fans
will
millions
of
other
unsigned
and
independent
musicians
of
various
genres.
Like
his
website,
the
YouTube
page
of
Wallace
will
utilize
keyword
optimization
to
yield
results
in
searches.
There
is
a
lot
of
potential
to
share
content
with
viewers,
but
it
will
be
important
to
target
the
same
demographic
(18-‐26
year
old
women
that
like
R&B
music)
for
there
to
be
a
chance
for
success.
18
Chapter
Five
–
Creating
Content
While
developing
the
framework
for
Wallace’s
social
media
and
website,
I
began
compiling
music,
photo
and
video
content
that
aligned
with
the
envisioned
brand
of
the
artist.
Using
the
studio
facilities
at
Berklee
Valencia,
several
songs
demo
tracks
were
recorded.
The
results
were
a
mixture
of
new
and
old
but
unreleased
solo
material.
Nine
songs
were
completed,
but
after
putting
the
“A&R
hat”
back
on,
I
realized
that
just
three
tracks
fit
the
direction
of
the
artist:
“Never
Too
Late,”
“As
Soon
As
I’m
Home,”
and
“The
Way
You
Are.”
These
songs
were
selected
as
material
to
be
released
because
of
their
presence
of
a
story
telling
element.
Many
expert
A&R’s
have
stated,
and
I
concur,
that
this
aspect
is
very
important
to
connect
with
an
audience,
specifically
in
the
R&B
genre.
The
character
of
Wallace
is
meant
to
portray
a
genuine
and
affectionate
charmer
who
is
not
afraid
to
express
his
feelings
lyrically.
These
songs
help
achieve
that
purpose.
Shortly
after
finishing
the
solo
tracks,
I
met
Trevy
Kiy,
a
fellow
candidate
for
the
M.A.
in
Global
Entertainment
&
Music
Business
degree.
Kiy,
originally
from
San
Diego,
CA,
received
an
undergraduate
degree
in
songwriting
from
Berklee
College
of
Music
in
Boston
before
enrolling
in
the
Valencia
program.
A
talented
rapper
performing
by
the
name
of
Pappagiorgio,
he
is
heavily
influenced
by
West
Coast
hip-‐hop.
Kiy
approached
me
about
working
on
a
few
songs
together.
After
discovering
that
we
had
great
chemistry
in
the
studio,
the
idea
of
completing
a
collaboration
project
quickly
surfaced.
Compared
to
Wallace,
Pappagiorgio
was
extremely
edgy.
His
lyrical
content
skillfully
balances
comedy
and
clever
punch
lines,
despite
its
explicit
content.
We
knew
immediately
that
a
joint
album
would
have
to
emphasize
the
major
differences
between
our
respective
artist
characters.
The
concept
of
the
project
“Sex,
Love
&
Alcohol”
was
soon
established.
Pappagiorgio,
provides
the
raw,
“in
your
face”
attitude
and
sexual
content,
while
Wallace
continued
to
depict
a
smoother,
more
loving
character.
Both
artists
represented
‘Alcohol’
as
they
exemplify
a
young,
fun-‐seeking
demographic
of
men
enjoying
their
early
twenties.
19
I
served
as
the
lead
A&R
for
the
project,
as
creating
an
album
with
another
musician
requires
more
careful
attention
to
the
art.
Lyrically,
I
wanted
to
be
sure
that
all
content
would
make
sense
for
the
brands
of
both
artists.
Kiy
and
I
came
to
realize
that
to
complete
the
album
successfully,
his
occasional
vulgarity
had
to
be
limited
to
an
extent,
but
Wallace
also
needed
to
provide
some
more
edge
to
meet
Pappagiorgio
in
the
middle.
Kiy
and
I
were
responsible
for
all
of
the
writing
for
the
project.
We
handled
most
of
the
production
as
well.
For
one
track
entitled
“I
Wanna,”
we
enlisted
Houston
based
producer
and
Music
Technology
&
Innovation
student
Sean
Ruiz
for
the
beat
development.
Ruiz,
known
by
his
producer
name
5ean000,
was
able
to
help
deliver
an
important
track
that
offered
a
different
sound
than
what
Kiy
and
me
could
offer.
With
the
addition
of
this
song,
we
reached
a
total
of
eight
tracks
that
made
the
final
cut
of
the
album.
At
the
completion
of
“Sex,
Love
&
Alcohol,”
Wallace
had
a
total
of
eleven
songs
in
his
catalog
that
were
available
to
attract
new
fans.
Kiy
participated
in
the
shooting
of
several
promotional
and
music
videos
to
support
the
album.
With
content
and
a
plan
in
place
for
releasing
it,
my
marketing
abilities
and
social
media
skills
would
soon
be
put
to
the
test.
20
Part
Three:
Results
There
are
two
methods
in
which
I
sought
results
of
this
project:
qualitative
feedback
from
the
music
and
video
content,
as
well
as
quantitative
data
on
my
success
online
and
via
social
media.
This
section
details
the
responses
I
received
so
that
I
could
gauge
the
overall
success
of
this
experiment.
One
of
the
most
difficult
challenges
in
completing
the
Wallace
Project
was
finding
a
way
to
separate
my
online
activity
from
the
“noise”
in
social
media.
For
example,
exceeded
one
billion
users
in
2013,
which
equates
to
nearly
3.7
billion
likes,
comments
and
shares
daily.
400
million
tweets
are
sent
on
everyday
–
or
146
billion
tweets
a
year.10
With
every
effort
on
my
end,
I
was
fighting
for
attention
with
countless
other
people
across
the
globe.
While
working
on
Wallace’s
profile,
it
was
especially
more
challenging
than
anticipated
to
establish
and
build
a
fanbase.
There
are
literally
millions
of
other
unsigned
and
independent
artists
that
are
trying
to
get
their
music
heard
as
well.
Bandcamp,
the
digital
promotion
and
distribution
service
I
utilized,
claims
to
have
over
1.4
million
albums
and
10.7
million
tracks
in
its
catalog.
ReverbNation,
a
popular
alternative
within
the
urban
genres
has
more
than
3.4
million
artists
as
users
–
excluding
labels,
venues,
and
industry
professionals
that
also
have
profiles
within
the
service.
Having
any
type
of
success
in
this
type
of
campaign
requires
much
patience
and
consistency.
The
following
is
a
compilation
of
the
results
from
my
work
throughout
this
culminating
experience.
10
From
Ian
Michiels,
Principal
Analyst
at
Gleanster
Research
21
Chapter
Six
–
Content
Feedback
On
April
7,
2014,
Berklee
Valencia
hosted
Sean
Cane
(Sean
C)
and
Young
Guru
on
campus.
These
two
men
have
many
notable
production
credits
that
include
Jay-‐Z,
Mobb
Deep,
Big
Pun,
Dead
Prez,
and
various
other
big
names
in
the
hip-‐hop
and
urban
music
scene.
The
duo
took
submissions
for
an
A&R
critique
session
that
was
held
during
their
first
day
of
their
lectures.
I
submitted
a
track
from
our
album:
Shower.
Originally
a
tune
written
by
Trevy
Kiy
during
his
time
at
Berklee
Boston
as
a
songwriting
major,
we
were
very
intrigued
at
the
opportunity
to
get
feedback
from
these
individuals.
Here
is
a
transcription
of
their
comments
after
a
critical
listen:
Young
Guru:
First
off,
let
me
start
with
the
positives.
I
always
like
to
start
with
positive
feedback.
The
beat
is
good.
The
production
is
nice
and
it
is
compositionally
well
put
together.
One
thing
that
came
to
mind
for
me,
however,
was
that
you
could
be
a
little
bit
more
implicit
with
your
lyricism.
I
often
use
the
example
of
the
song
“Let’s
Get
It
On”
by
Marvin
Gaye.
As
a
child,
I
grew
up
hearing
that
song,
but
you
don’t
really
notice
that
it’s
about
sex
until
you
are
old
enough
to
understand
what
he’s
saying.
I
just
think
that
for
you
as
an
artist,
it
would
benefit
you
to
think
about
being
more
purposeful
in
how
you
say
certain
things,
as
the
artists
like
Marvin
are
the
ones
that
can
create
legacies
and
make
records
that
will
be
around
forever.
Sean
C:
I
agree.
I
think
the
music
was
really
good.
Now,
there
were
some
areas
that
you
[Wallace]
were
a
little
pitchy,
so
you
need
to
watch
that
and
really
pay
attention
to
the
vocals
to
get
them
just
right.
To
echo
Guru,
I
think
the
same
goes
for
the
rap
lyrics.
There
are
much
more
subtle
ways
to
get
what
you
want
across.
22
Sean
C
and
Young
Guru’s
comments
were
appreciated.
After
speaking
with
Trevy,
we
would
make
the
case
that
his
Pappagiorgio
character
is
meant
to
be
an
explicit,
controversial,
Vegas-‐roaming
individual
that
would
have
used
certain
language
intentionally.
The
critiques
about
Wallace,
however,
were
well
received,
as
I
would
want
for
him
to
be
more
of
a
“charmer”
and
poetic
singer
and
lyricist
if
his
brand
were
to
be
continued
after
this
experiment.
I
think
that
this
style
reflects
me
as
a
person
as
well,
but
it
was
a
lot
of
fun
to
step
outside
of
my
comfort
zone
and
bring
a
different
edge
than
I
have
before
musically,
especially
when
you
glance
at
my
solo
catalog.
Still,
the
responses
to
the
album
seemed
to
yield
mixed
reviews.
Here
are
some
anonymous
quotes
from
friends,
family,
and
the
small
group
of
fans
that
I
did
reach:
“I
appreciate
the
straight
forwardness
and
probably
how
a
lot
of
people
thinks
and
feel
I'm
sure.
It’s
a
fun
album.
Who
doesn’t
want
sex,
love,
and
alcohol?”
“Wow.
Shower...when
I
heard
it
I
was
like
REALLY?
This
can’t
be
Sammy.”
“I
like
the
album
but
it’s
really
weird
to
hear
you
cursing
and
saying
explicit
things!
It’s
great
and
all
in
fun
just
a
bit
shocking.”
“Sammy
–
great
work
man.
I
remember
all
the
times
we
talked
about
your
music
and
I
am
extremely
happy
for
you
and
proud
of
you!
Never
stop
living
out
your
dream!”
“This
has
got
like
an
R.
Kelly
and
Snoop
vibe.
Y’all
sound
great.”
“This
is
a
whole
lot
different
than
that
boy
I
knew
in
gospel
choir!”
“Who
produced
Jail
Bod?
That
song
is
a
smash!”
“You
have
all
the
talent
and
potential
in
the
world!
Great
production
–
your
lyrics
and
mixing
have
come
a
long
ways!
Keep
focusing,
working
hard,
and
the
sky
is
the
limit.”
23
Chapter
Seven
-‐
Online
&
Social
Media
Data
A
Musician/Band
page
was
the
first
platform
that
was
launched
for
Wallace.
As
mentioned
in
my
online
marketing
strategy,
it
did
not
seem
wise
to
neglect
this
social
media
site
as
it
has
the
largest
amount
of
users
to
date.
The
goal
for
this
platform,
as
well
as
for
all
of
my
social
media
activity,
was
to
focus
more
on
quality
rather
than
quantity.
I
prefer
a
small,
active,
engaged
fanbase
that
likes
and
shares
the
content
of
Wallace
than
a
large,
apathetic
one.
That
being
said,
Wallace’s
success
on
was
still
very
minimal,
yielding
very
mixed
results.
From
late
January
through
February,
I
witnessed
a
steady
increase
in
page
likes,
capping
off
around
180.
All
of
these
likes
were
organic,
as
I
relied
on
self-‐promotion
and
the
help
of
friends
and
family
sharing
the
page.
With
each
post,
I
could
see
from
the
administrative
panel
that
it
would
reach
nearly
all
of
my
page
fans
and
over
75%
of
them
liked,
engaged,
clicked,
or
commented
on
it.
However,
once
the
growth
began
to
plateau,
I
began
a
series
of
paid
advertising
campaigns
to
help
my
page
reach
people
beyond
those
that
know
me.
The
decision
to
use
advertising
to
increase
my
fan
base
ironically
is
what
crippled
the
success
of
my
artist
page.
As
you
can
see
above
in
the
chart
pictured,
I
did
see
a
24
steady
growth
of
page
likes,
pushing
my
totals
to
over
200.
I
ran
three
campaigns
to
three
different
cities:
Atlanta,
New
York,
and
Los
Angeles,
all
areas
with
larger,
urban
populations.
Specifically
targeting
women
that
“like
R&B
music,”
and
were
listed
as
“18-‐26
years
old,”
I
was
pleased
to
see
a
few
new
fans
trickle
in
over
the
span
of
five
weeks.
However,
my
page
engagement
activity
significantly
declined
once
I
started
the
paid
campaigns.
On
February
27th,
I
released
a
music
video
for
my
single
“Never
Too
Late.”
I
posted
it
and
organically
reached
200
people
just
a
few
hours
after
sharing
it.
Just
three
days
later,
I
posted
a
picture
from
the
video
to
continue
promoting
it.
I
anticipated
a
smaller
amount
of
people
reacting
and
clicking
on
it
this
time.
However,
this
post
didn’t
even
come
close
to
half
of
the
audience
I
had
previously
received.
I
have
several
examples
of
similar
occurrences
on
the
Wallace
page.
I
experimented
with
different
days,
times,
and
types
of
post
content,
but
could
not
get
anywhere
close
to
the
engagement
I
received
from
my
most
successful
post.
Oddly
enough,
a
YouTube
video
put
out
by
a
user
named
Veritasium
was
released.
It’s
title?
Fraud”
The
speaker
essentially
claimed
that
when
you
pay
for
advertisements,
it
has
serious
potential
for
more
harm
than
good.
He
theorized
that
when
advertisements
are
broadcasted,
the
new
likes
and
clicks
to
pages
are
coming
from
“click
farms,”
companies
across
the
globe
that
pay
employees
to
click
on
advertisements
and
pages,
creating
fake
fans.
The
video
also
explains
that
made
an
effort
to
purge
their
site
of
all
of
the
fake
profiles
they
detected.
Most
notably,
Justin
Bieber,
Rihanna,
Shakira,
and
Akon
all
saw
drops
of
around
100,000
likes
each
on
their
pages!11
11
From
Kirsten
Acuna,
“The
7
Celebrities
With
the
Most
Fake
Followers
on
25
When
these
fake
fans
do
not
engage
with
your
posts,
the
posts
fail
to
spread
to
more
people.
While
I
am
usually
not
much
of
a
conspiracy
theorist,
there
was
direct
evidence
of
something
like
this
occurring
for
the
Wallace
artist
page.
I
called
several
friends
and
said,
“hey,
like
my
posts!”
It
turned
out
that
nearly
all
of
them
had
never
seen
my
advertising
efforts
despite
being
frequently
online.
This
news,
and
my
inability
to
be
effective
on
deterred
me
from
wanting
to
continue
the
artist
page
much
further.
I
would
conclude
that
if
managing
an
artist,
I
would
have
to
really
assess
the
necessity
of
having
a
profile.
turned
out
to
be
the
most
successful
platform
for
Wallace.
Although
a
count
of
92
followers
was
not
as
significant
as
the
quantity
on
Facebook,
I
learned
a
lot
about
the
“language”
of
from
this
project.
As
I
consider
managing
an
artist
in
the
future,
I
see
a
great
opportunity
to
develop
a
network
online
through
Twitter.
Of
course,
having
a
fanbase
is
important.
I
would
like
for
Wallace
to
have
reached
around
1000
followers
by
the
end
of
this
campaign.
However,
there
were
several
users
that
favorited,
retweeted,
or
replied
to
posts.
Some
of
these
people
include
fellow
aspiring
artists,
music
producers,
bloggers,
and
simply
fans
of
R&B
music.
While
I
continue
to
release
music
and
other
content,
I
have
made
a
few
“friends”
that
are
paying
attention
to
my
work
and
could
potentially
share
it.
These
relationships
came
from
me
engaging
with
them
as
well,
as
giving
to
others
online
(i.e.
retweeting,
favoriting)
is
a
great
way
to
earn
respect.
26
As
much
as
I
would
like
to
be
successful
online,
it
is
the
offline
activity
of
Wallace
that
had
the
ability
impact
his
growth
and
fan
base.
After
a
June
6th
performance
at
Club
Mya
with
Pappagiorgio,
I
posted
the
following
tweet:
The
tweet
seems
to
only
have
a
little
bit
of
engagement,
but
three
new
followers
came
from
it,
which
I
presume
were
a
few
people
I
met
at
the
show.
I
also
think
that
a
common
rule
to
use
on
any
social
media
platform
is
to
post
more
photo
content
than
simply
texts.
I
tweeted
various
pictures
of
me
performing
or
in
the
studio
and
received
a
great
response.
Overall,
needs
consistent
use
to
be
most
effective.
On
future
campaigns,
I
will
need
to
schedule
tweets
weekly
using
a
management
software
like
Hootsuite
so
that
the
profile
I
am
promoting
constantly
has
a
“voice”
amongst
the
social
media
noise.
YouTube
YouTube
served
as
the
central
location
for
all
video
content
I
created
for
the
Wallace
Project.
This
included
two
full
music
videos,
and
five
teasers
and
promotional
videos.
After
making
a
30
second
channel
introductory
video
as
well,
I
planned
to
use
the
YouTube
‘Fan
Finder’
advertisement
tool.
This
free
service
allows
your
videos
to
be
played
as
advertisements
in
areas
that
you
can
target
and
among
YouTube
subscribers
that
have
similar
tastes
in
terms
of
the
content
they
consume
on
the
platform.
The
challenge
with
this
is
that
in
order
to
utilize
it,
you
must
have
1000
subscribers
on
your
page
so
that
it
can
try
to
define
your
target
audience.
27
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-‐84WRLywgQ&list=UUdAk0RPuI1alwcaG6RSgWSw
Having
spent
most
of
my
efforts
on
and
Twitter,
I
did
not
see
any
significant
growth
in
my
number
of
YouTube
subscribers.
However,
this
does
not
deter
me
from
very
actively
promoting
the
channel
of
an
artist
in
the
future,
as
I
see
great
value
in
having
at
least
a
modest
presence
on
YouTube.
Trevy
and
I
followed
up
the
most
popular
song
on
our
album,
“Jail
Bod”
with
a
music
video.
We
actually
spent
two
full
days
shooting
it
and
I
spent
an
additional
day
to
edit
it,
but
it
is
by
far
my
favorite
production
between
the
two
of
us.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0fPDWcoLzQ&index=1&list=UUdAk0RPuI1alwcaG6RSgWSw
28
The
video
for
“Never
Too
Late”
was
my
most
successful
video
to
date.
Although
YouTube’s
video
counter
gets
stopped
at
‘301+’
at
times,
Trevy
Kiy
and
I
promoted
this
video
well
as
it
is
a
heartfelt,
personal
song,
and
in
my
opinion
the
best
rap
verse
he
has
delivered
with
me,
despite
it
being
one
of
my
solo
tracks.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2bJZbNijEg&index=7&list=UUdAk0RPuI1alwcaG6RSgWSw
Overall,
the
video
content
that
was
created
to
support
our
music
content
was
received
positively.
We
were
fortunate
to
gain
the
skills
over
the
course
of
the
year
to
make
this
possible.
29
Conclusion
Jumpstarting
a
career
isn’t
as
easy
as
it
seems.
There
are
many
more
tools
that
music
executives
have
today
that
can
be
beneficial
to
A&R
and
artist
management,
but
that
does
not
mean
that
there
is
no
strategy
behind
a
campaign.
Since
artists
like
Soulja
Boy,
Justin
Bieber,
Charice
Pompengo,
and
Cody
Simpson
have
been
discovered
on
YouTube,
literally
millions
of
hopeful
musicians
have
created
accounts
on
the
platform
and
many
others,
hoping
to
be
noticed.
A
big
problem
today
is
that
this
high
volume
of
online
users
has
crowded
the
amateur
music
market.
In
the
future
when
working
with
independent
artists,
my
biggest
challenge
will
be
to
help
separate
them
from
this
large
mass.
Sure,
an
artist
like
Wallace
can
have
a
Facebook,
a
Twitter,
a
YouTube,
or
any
other
social
media
account.
But
when
developing
an
online
and
social
media
strategy,
there
must
be
a
full-‐time
commitment
to
managing
the
profiles.
That
means,
more
consistent
tweets,
posts,
etc.
Even
still,
however,
this
does
not
guarantee
success.
Careful
attention
to
demographics
that
work
for
the
artist
is
required.
I
tried
to
target
entire
cities
such
as
Atlanta.
Maybe
in
the
future,
it
may
be
better
to
start
even
smaller
-‐
work
locally
and
branch
out.
I
also
think
that
more
live
performance
opportunities
would
benefit
an
artist
like
Wallace.
Despite
playing
three
concerts,
I
was
at
the
disadvantage
of
being
based
in
Valencia,
Spain
for
this
graduate
program,
when
my
target
market
was
in
the
United
States.
I
would
recommend
that
an
artist
place
a
high
emphasis
on
local
performances
to
gain
a
following
offline,
which
may
in
turn
support
the
efforts
online
via
social
media.
As
my
interviewees
and
numerous
other
music
executives
have
said,
however,
it
comes
down
to
the
quality
of
the
music.
Great
music
is
great
music,
and
if
an
artist
has
a
good
product,
there
is
an
audience
for
it
somewhere.
30
In
conclusion,
there
were
several
learning
outcomes
and
achievements
that
I
have
to
be
proud
of.
Throughout
the
course
of
this
study,
I
was
able
to
create
music,
photo
and
video
content,
begin
building
a
fan
base,
develop
a
brand,
and
enhance
my
marketing,
promotion,
and
distribution
skills.
I
was
very
fortunate
to
have
the
opportunity
to
gain
experience
working
with
an
urban
recording
artist
in
a
controlled
setting
as
well.
Although
I
had
some
setbacks
throughout
this
process,
I
hope
that
this
research
helps
other
aspiring
A&R’s
and
managers
learn
a
few
things
that
can
help
them
as
they
try
to
get
an
artist’s
career
off
the
ground.
While
Wallace
may
be
“21
and
Unsigned,”
hopefully
there
is
a
brighter
future
for
the
musicians
that
I
will
represent
in
years
to
come.
31
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Media of